Come on for the back-to-school season
What I share with you is: a summary of the whole book of junior high school geography core test points (fill-in-the-blank version, with answers), collect it for later use! I hope it will be helpful to you by providing ideas in your daily study and answering questions in exams.
Globe and map
1. The earth is a sphere (see the mast first, then the hull; Magellan's circumnavigation of the world; Ascend high and look far away; Lunar eclipse; Satellite**).
2. The period of the earth's rotation: one day (24 hours) Direction: from west to east.
Geographical phenomena generated: a. alternation of day and night; b. Produce local time differences (e.g. get up in the middle of the night to watch the World Cup football match in Qatar):
3. Earth's orbital period: one year (about 365 days) Direction: from west to east. The North Pole always points near the North Star.
Geographical phenomena produced by revolution: a. changes in the four seasons; b. Change in the length of day and night (a) On any given day, the equatorial region equinoxes day and night. (b) At any place, the spring and autumn equinox shall be divided into day and night. (c) the sun shines directly on the northern hemisphere (summer in the northern hemisphere, 21 March to 23 September), and the days become longer the further northward; The sun shines directly in the southern hemisphere (the winter half of the northern hemisphere, from September 23 to March 21), and the days get longer the further south you go. (d) Wherever the sun shines directly, the days are long and the nights are short (except the equator); c. Five zones (tropical, north temperate, southern temperate, northern and southern arctic zone). d. Changes in the height of the sun at noon (changes in the length of shadows).
4. The three elements on the map include: direction, scale, legend and annotation.
A: There is a pointing mark, the pointing of the pointing arrow is generally north; The non-pointing marker usually adopts "up north, down south, left west, right east"; The graticule parallels represent the east-west direction, and the meridian lines represent the north-south direction.
b: (in the case of the same numerator, the larger the denominator, the smaller the scale) When the graph is the same, the larger the scale, the smaller the range and the more detailed the content; The smaller the scale, the larger the scope and the simpler the content.
5. Altitude: the vertical distance above sea level.
6. Relative altitude: subtract the two altitudes.
7. The denser the contour line, the steeper the slope; The sparser the contour line, the slower the slope.
8. Identification of topographic parts: mountain tops (painted with black triangles), ridges (convex low for ridges), valleys (convex high for valleys), saddles, steep cliffs (contour lines coincide), basins.
9. There are 5 types of terrain: a terrain area is an area dominated by a certain terrain type!
Plains: The ground is flat and the altitude is low, generally below 200 meters;
Plateau: The altitude is high, generally above 500 meters, the ground is flat, and the edge is steep;
Mountains: high altitude, generally above 500 meters, with undulating peaks and steep slopes;
Hills: the ground is undulating, the altitude is not high, and the relative height of the slope and gentleness is generally not more than 200 meters;
Basin: high around, low in the middle, no altitude requirements.
World Geography (I).
10. The ratio of the world's sea and land: three points of land and seven points of ocean.
11. Seven continents: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, Oceania.
Four oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic.
12. The dividing line of the continents.
Asia and Europe: the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Greater Caucasus Mountains, the Caspian Sea (the world's largest lake), the Black Sea and the Turkish Straits (connecting the Black Sea and the Mediterranean).
Asia and Africa: Suez Canal (connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea).
South and North America: The Panama Canal (connecting the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans).
Asia and North America: Bering Strait (connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Arctic Ocean).
13. Pacific Rim Volcanic Zone; The Mediterranean-Himalayan volcanic belt is the most volcanically active zone in the world.
14. Six major plates: Eurasian plate, American plate, African plate, Pacific plate, Indian Ocean plate and Antarctic plate.
15. Natural population growth rate, birth rate, death rate.
16. The world's population is concentrated in the plains and basins of the middle and low latitudes.
The world's most populated areas: the eastern and southern parts of Asia, the western part of Europe, the eastern part of North America and South America, etc.;
The world's sparsely populated areas: arid deserts, cold polar regions, thin air alpine plateaus, hot and humid tropical rainforests, 17. Rapid population growth brings employment difficulties, poor living conditions, traffic congestion, environmental pollution and other problems;
The slow population growth has led to labor shortages, insufficient national defense troops, increased social pension burdens, and aging population.
18. The yellow race is mainly distributed in eastern Asia. American Indians, Inuit people on the coast of the Arctic Ocean.
The white race is mainly found in Europe, North America, northern Africa, western and southern Asia, and Oceania.
The black race is mainly found in central and southern Africa.
19. At present, the working languages of the United Nations are: Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish and Arabic.
Chinese is the most spoken language; English is the most widely spoken language.
20. Religion (church, Bible, Jesus) is the religion with the largest number of believers and the most widespread religion in the world.
21. Followers of Islam (mosques, Quran, Muhammad) are called Muslims, mainly in western and southeastern Asia and northern Africa.
22. Buddhism (temples, Diamond Sutras, Shakyamuni) is mainly distributed in the eastern, southeastern, and southern parts of Asia.
23. The main forms of settlements include urban and rural.
24. Urban problems include: traffic congestion, housing shortage, industrial pollution, noise interference, insufficient water supply, and rising crime rates.
25. The weather is short-term and changeable, and is often described as sunny, rainy, high temperature and strong wind.
26. Climate is relatively stable, and temperature and precipitation are the two major elements of climate. It is commonly described as a humid, dry, and large temperature difference between day and night.
27. The highest temperature of the day occurs at 2 o'clock in the afternoon (14 o'clock), and the lowest temperature occurs around sunrise.
In the Northern Hemisphere, the hottest month of the year occurs in July and the coldest month occurs in January. The Southern Hemisphere is the opposite.
28. Main precipitation type a, convective rain; b. Topographic rain (relatively more precipitation on the windward slope); c. Frontal rain; d. Typhoon rain.
World Geography II
29. Asia is bordered by the Pacific Ocean, the Arctic Ocean and the Indian Ocean on the east, north and south respectively, connecting Europe to the west, Africa to the southwest, and North America across the Bering Strait to the east, making it the largest continent in the world.
30. Topographic characteristics of Asia: a. The terrain is dominated by plateaus and mountains, with an average altitude of b. The ground is undulating, and the height is very different c. The terrain is high in the middle and low in all directions. Therefore, most of the rivers in Asia originate in the mountains of the central plateau and flow radially into the ocean.
31. Climatic characteristics: a. The climate is complex and diverse; b. Significant continental characteristics c. Significant monsoon climate.
Section 1 Southeast Asia.
32. Location: The "crossroads" between Asia and Oceania, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean
33. Scope: Indochina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago.
3. Topography: Indochina Peninsula - mountains and rivers are intertwined, and they are distributed in longitudinal columns.
34. Climate: Indochina Peninsula - tropical monsoon climate; Malay Archipelago – Tropical rainforest climate.
35. Rivers: Irrawaddy River, Salween River, Chao Phraya River, Mekong River, Red River.
36. The Strait of Malacca: The shortest route from Europe and Africa to Southeast Asia and East Asia must pass, and it is a sea passage connecting the Pacific Ocean and India.
37. Famous products: Southeast Asia is the world's largest producer of tropical cash crops such as natural rubber, oil palm, and coconut. The main specialties and the most exported countries are as follows: Malaysia (tin), the Philippines (coconut and coconut oil), Thailand (natural oak and palm oil), Indonesia (oil), Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar are the world's important rice exporters.
38. Population: The residents are mainly of the yellow race, and Southeast Asia is the area with the highest concentration of Chinese and overseas Chinese in the world.
39. Countries and Capitals: (1) Singapore – "Garden City"; Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur); Vietnam (Hanoi); Laos (Vientiane); Cambodia (Phnom Penh); Thailand (Bangkok); Myanmar (Naypyidaw) (2) Indonesia - "Land of a Thousand Islands", "Volcano Country", the largest and most populous country in Southeast Asia, with its capital Jakarta.
Section II South Asia.
40. Location and scope: South of the central and western part of the Himalayas, to the vast area between the Indian Ocean - the South Asian subcontinent.
41. Three major topographic regions: the north - the Himalayas; Central - Indus and Gangetic plains; South - Deccan Plateau.
42. Two major rivers: the Indus River (which flows into the Arabian Sea) and the Ganges River (which flows into the Bay of Bengal).
43. Climate: Tropical monsoon climate (southwest wind prevails in summer, northeast wind prevails in winter), and Kirapunzi is the place with the most precipitation in the world.
44. Crops: Rice is mainly distributed in the coastal areas of northeast and west India and western Bangladesh; Wheat is mainly distributed in arid and rainless areas in the northwest. Jute (Kolkata) is most widely cultivated in the lower reaches of the Ganges; Cotton (Mumbai) is mainly found in the western part of the Deccan Plateau.
45. Religion: The birthplace of Buddhism and Hinduism.
46. Major countries: India is the largest country in South Asia, with the capital of New Delhi, and India's computer software industry occupies an important position in the world.
Section 3 West Asia.
47. Two oceans: Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean.
Three continents: Asia, Africa, Europe
Five seas: Arabian Sea, Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Caspian Sea (the largest lake in the world).
48. Climate: The climate of West Asia is hot and dry, and the desert area is vast. (The Tropic of Cancer passes through the area, causing high temperatures and little rain in a considerable part of the area).
49. Animal husbandry (sheep raising) is a traditional economic sector; irrigated agriculture (date palms) and water-saving agriculture (most prominently Israel).
50. West Asia is the region with the richest oil reserves and the largest oil production and output in the world. It is mainly found in the Persian Gulf and its coastal areas.
51. Major oil-producing countries: Saudi Arabia, Iran, Kuwait and Iraq, United Arab Emirates.
52. Petroleum output line:
Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, Indian Ocean, Bab el-Mandeb Strait, Red Sea, Suez Canal, Mediterranean Sea, Strait of Gibraltar, Atlantic Ocean, Western Europe.
a. Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, Indian Ocean, Cape of Good Hope, Atlantic Ocean, Western Europe.
b. Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, Indian Ocean, Strait of Malacca, Pacific Ocean, Japan.
53. Oil is mainly exported to regions or countries: Western Europe, the United States, and Japan.
Section 4 Western Europe.
54. Western Europe refers to the western half of Europe. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south; The coastline is tortuous, with many peninsulas, islands, inland seas and bays.
55. The European Union (EU) has developed into a powerful political and economic entity headquartered in Brussels, the capital of Belgium.
56. The industrial sectors of European countries are relatively complete, with strong comprehensive strength, and the development of distinctive industrial sectors according to local conditions, most of which belong to developed countries.
57. The dairy and livestock industry in Western Europe is particularly developed.
The reasons are: located in a temperate oceanic climate, warm and humid throughout the year, suitable for the growth of succulent pastures; The population is dense and the market demand is large.
Section 5 Egypt.
58. Collar: Northeast Africa The Sinai Peninsula (Asia) is a country that straddles two continents: Asia and Africa.
59. The population and cities are concentrated along the Nile River and its estuary delta, mainly Arabs, mostly believing in Islam, Arabic as the official language, and the capital is Cairo.
60. The climate is mostly tropical desert climate (characteristics: hot all year round, dry and little rain), while the northern Mediterranean coast is dominated by Mediterranean climate (characteristics: hot and dry summer, mild and rainy winter); The main agricultural product is long-staple cotton.
61. Tourism resources: historical sites, pyramids, "mummies", temples, etc.; Ancient culture: hieroglyphs, astronomical calendars.
62. Nile River: The longest river in the world, mainly flowing through the savannah area, providing rich conditions (water, soil, etc.) for its banks and deltas to become the main agricultural areas of Egypt, and is called the "mother river" by the Egyptian people.
Section VI France.
63. The outline of the territory of France is roughly hexagonal, bordering the Atlantic Ocean to the west and the Mediterranean Sea to the southeast, with the capital Paris and the Paris Basin.
64. Topography and topography: France is dominated by plains and hills, with high terrain in the southeast and low in the northwest.
Section VII United States.
65. Territory: "Mainland" by the United States, Alaska, Hawaii. The terrain is divided into three north-south vertical belts, eastern, central and western, with the Appalachian Mountains in the east, the Great Plains in the middle, and the Rocky Mountains in the west. Washington, D.C.
66. Sea and land location: The main part of the United States is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Canada to the north.
Latitude: Tropical (Hawaii), temperate ("native" part), boreal (Alaska).
67. Economy: Highly developed, the total output value of industry and agriculture ranks first in the world. In terms of foreign affairs, the United States is not only the country that exports the most industrial and agricultural products and the largest exports, but also the country that imports the most cars, oil, and textiles in the world.
68. Agriculture: It is a big agricultural country in the world, with wheat, soybeans, corn, and milk meat in the forefront of the world, and is the country that exports the most grain in the world, but tropical agricultural products such as coffee, cocoa, and natural products need to be imported in large quantities.
69. Characteristics of agricultural production: a. specialization of agricultural areas, b. mechanization of agricultural production.
6. Industry: rich in natural resources and developed transportation. The strong scientific and technological force has made it an industrial power in the world.
The Northeast is the earliest region of capitalist development in the United States, and in recent years, industry has gradually developed from the Northeast to the south and west.
70. The population is predominantly white, while the colored people are predominantly black, and the population is mainly distributed in the coastal plains and near the Great Lakes.
71. Major industrial sectors in major cities:
Section VIII Brazil.
72. Brazil is located in South America, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Andes Mountains to the west, most of which is located within the Tropic of Capricorn at the equator (so the climate is mainly tropical), and it is the largest country in South America.
73. Topography: Dominated by plains (Amazonian plains) and plateaus (Brazilian plateaus).
74. Amazon Plain: It is the largest plain in the world, affected by the tropical rainforest climate, with high temperature and rain all year round, forming the world's largest tropical rainforest area ("the world's animal and plant kingdom" and "the lungs of the earth").
75. Brazilian Plateau: It is the largest plateau in the world, with a climate dominated by tropical grasslands, high temperatures throughout the year, and obvious distinctions between dry and wet seasons. (It provides conditions for the development of the livestock sector in Brazil, such as the export of large quantities of beef).
76. The Amazon River is the largest river in the world in terms of water volume and the most extensive basin area, and it flows into the Atlantic Ocean from west to east.
The reasons for its abundant water volume are: a. There are many tributaries, and most of them are distributed in the north and south of the equator; b. The river basin area is wide; c. The relatively high terrain in the south, north and west, coupled with the influence of wind direction, makes this area easy to form topographic rain and convective rain, so the water volume is particularly abundant.
77. Brazil is the most economically powerful country in South America, and has a relatively complete industrial system; b. A high degree of agricultural mechanization (it is the world's largest coffee producer and exporter, and the output of sugar, bananas, sisal ranks first in the world, and beef).
78. The output and export volume of iron ore are among the top in the world; Hydroelectric resources are abundant (Itaipu Hydroelectric Power Station is the second largest in the world, located on the border between Brazil and Paraguay).
79. Brazil is the most populous country in South America, with a predominantly Caucasian population and mixed-race people. The official language is Portuguese, and there are activities such as football, carnival, and samba.
80. City: a, Brasilia (capital); b. São Paulo, the largest city in Brazil; c. Rio de Janeiro is the second largest city and the largest seaport.
China's Territories and Administrative Divisions
81. China is located in the eastern part of Asia, on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean, in the eastern hemisphere and the northern hemisphere.
82. Most of China's territory is in the north temperate zone, a small part is in the tropics, there is no cold zone, and the time of each place adopts "Beijing time" (the time of the 8th East District).
83. China's endangered oceans (from north to south): Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, South China Sea; China's inland seas: the Bohai Sea and the Qiongzhou Strait; Islands: Taiwan Island, Hainan Island, Chongming Island.
84. China's current administrative divisions are basically divided into provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government), counties (autonomous counties and county-level cities), and towns (townships).
Abbreviated as "Three Character Classics": Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Heijiliao, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shanxi, Gansu, Qingxinning, Hebei, Luyu, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangdong, Fujian, Tibet, Qiongtai, Chongqing, Macao and Hong Kong.
85. The outstanding characteristics of China's population: the population base is large and the population is growing rapidly; National policy of population: implement family planning, control population growth, and improve the quality of the population; Population distribution: Bounded by Heihe City in Heilongjiang Province and Tengchong County in Yunnan Province, the eastern part is densely populated and the western part is sparsely populated.
86. There are 56 ethnic groups in China, of which the Han nationality has the largest population, among the ethnic minorities, the most populous is the Zhuang nationality, the most widely distributed is the Hui nationality, and Yunnan Province has the largest number of ethnic minorities.
87. Ethnic distribution: The Han nationality is mainly concentrated in the east and central regions, and the ethnic minorities are mainly distributed in the northeast, northwest and southwest border areas. The distribution of various ethnic groups is characterized by large dispersion, small settlements, and staggered intermingling.
88. Naadam Assembly - Mongolian (horseback riding, wrestling, archery); Songkran Festival - Dai (Peacock Dance); Uyghur (hand drumming), Hui – Eid al-Fitr; Tibetan - Xuedun Festival (pot dance, barley, tsamba); Korean --- encouragement.
Topography of China
89. Terrain characteristics: high in the west and low in the east, with a stepped distribution.
Main mountain ranges (1) east-west: Tianshan-Yinshan-Yanshan; Kunlun Mountain-Qinling Mountains; South Ridge.
2) Northeast-southwest trend: Daxing'an Mountains-Taihang Mountain-Wushan-Xuefeng Mountain; Changbai Mountain-Wuyi Mountain; Taiwan Mountains.
3) North-south direction: Helan Mountain, Hengduan Mountain.
4) Northwest-southeast trend: Altai Mountains, Qilian Mountains.
5) Arc Mountains: Himalayas, the main peak Mount Everest.
Main Topographic Areas:
Weather and climate in China
90. Characteristics of temperature distribution: the temperature difference between the north and the south is large in winter, and the north and south are generally high in summer. The main influencing factors: latitudinal location, winter monsoon.
Temperate zone (from south to north): tropical, ** zone, warm temperate zone, middle temperate zone, cold temperate zone.
91. Precipitation (spatially) The amount of precipitation decreases from the southeast coast to the northwest inland (more in the east and less in the west).
Temporal) precipitation is concentrated in summer and autumn, with large interannual variations (more in the south and less in the north).
2) Dry and wet areas: humid areas, semi-humid regions, semi-arid regions, and arid regions.
92. The dividing line between the monsoon area and the non-monsoon area: Daxing'an Mountains - Yinshan - Helan Mountains - Bayan Kala Mountains - Gangdis Mountains (drinking eight cylinders).
93. Climatic characteristics of China: the monsoon climate is significant; The rain and heat are at the same time, and the climate is complex and diverse.
Climate type: tropical, ** zone and temperate monsoon climate, temperate continental climate, plateau alpine climate.
The summer monsoon prevails with southeasterly winds from the Pacific Ocean and southwesterly winds from the Indian Ocean, and in winter northwesterly winds from Siberia and Mongolia.
The advance and retreat of the summer monsoon: the advance is slow, hovering in the south - "flooding in the south and drought in the north"; Advancing rapidly, staying in the north for a long time - "flooding in the north and drought in the south".
94. Climatic disasters in China: cold waves, plum rain (in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, in early June), sandstorms, typhoons, floods.
Drought: It has the greatest impact, the most common and the widest distribution range on agricultural production in China, and is the most serious in Northwest and North China.
Rivers in China
95. The Yangtze River originates in the Tanggula Mountains on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, flows through 11 provinces, and flows into the East China Sea, with a total length of 6,300 kilometers.
96. The hydropower resources of the main stream of the Yangtze River are mainly concentrated in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River; The flood of the Yangtze River is the most serious in the middle and lower reaches of the plain ("Jiuqu Ileum" - Jingjiang River section), so flood control has become the primary task of comprehensive management of the Yangtze River. On the other hand, because it traverses the east and west, the river is wide and deep, it does not freeze all year round, and Yibin is navigable in all seasons, which plays an important role in industrial and agricultural production and life, so it is called "** waterway".
97. The location of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: Yichang, Hubei and Hukou, Jiangxi.
Hydropower: Three Gorges Project and Gezhouba.
98. The Yellow River originates in Bayan Kala Mountain, flows through 9 provinces and autonomous regions, and flows into the Bohai Sea, with a total length of 5,464 kilometers, which is the river with the largest sediment content in China.
99. Comprehensive management of the Yellow River: On the one hand, in the upper and middle reaches, especially in the Loess Plateau, vigorously carry out soil and water conservation work, control soil erosion, and reduce sediment discharge; On the other hand, embankments and dams were built in the downstream (above-ground rivers) to strengthen the embankments of the Yellow River.
100. The location of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River: Inner Mongolia estuary and Henan Taohuayu.
Hydropower: Xiaolangdi, Longyang Gorge.
China's natural resources
101. The basic characteristics of China's natural resources are: abundant natural resources and insufficient per capita occupancy.
102. Distribution of water resources: more in the south and less in the north. (However, the distribution of cultivated land is less in the south and more in the north).
The measures to solve this uneven spatial distribution of water resources are inter-basin water diversion --- south-to-north water transfer.
The measure to solve the uneven distribution of water resources over time is to increase the construction of water conservancy projects (such as the construction of reservoirs).
Saving water and preventing water pollution are the most direct and effective measures.
103. Land Resources:
The current situation of land resources in China: the proportion of cultivated land and forest land is small, the proportion of land that is difficult to use is large, and the reserve land resources are insufficient. Therefore, "cherishing and rationally utilizing every inch of land and earnestly protecting cultivated land" is a basic national policy of our country.
a. Distribution of cultivated land: mainly distributed in the plains, basins and gentle hilly areas of the eastern monsoon region.
b. Distribution of grassland: mainly distributed in arid and semi-arid plateaus and mountains in the north, as well as in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
c. Distribution of woodland: mainly concentrated in the northeast, southwest and southeast mountains.
104. Non-ferrous metals: Hunan Loudi Lengshuijiang Tin Mine--- Antimony Mine, Hengyang Changning Shuikoushan --- Lead-Zinc Mine.
105. Zhoushan Fishery is the largest fishing ground in China. Changlu Salt Farm is the largest salt field in China.
Regional differences in China
106. Qinling-Huaihe line 0 isotherm and 800mm annual isoprecipitation line in January.
107. The division of the four major geographical regions is basically based on the combination of three geographical boundaries, namely, the Qinling-Huaihe River line, the 400mm annual precipitation line, and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau margin, and divides China into four major geographical regions, namely, the northern region, the southern region, the northwest region, and the Qinghai-Tibet region.
108. Northern Region and Southern Region.
109. The southern region is known as the "land of fish and rice" in China. (Freshwater fish production ranks first in the country).
110. The soil of the Sichuan Basin is mainly purple soil, which is known as the "Purple Basin", and the Chengdu Plain is known as the "Land of Abundance".
111. Northeast Plain - "Black Soil", the north of the Great Wall (Northeast Plain) is spring wheat, and the south of the Great Wall (North China Plain) is winter wheat.
112. Qinghai-Tibet region (1) and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are high; Solar radiation is strong, resulting in a unique alpine climate. (It is the area with the lowest temperature in summer in China) (2), livestock: yak, Tibetan sheep, Tibetan goats (3), energy resources: solar energy resources (Lhasa is known as "Sunshine City"), geothermal energy, hydro energy. (4) Mineral resources: oil, natural gas, coal, potash, lead-zinc ore, etc., Qaidam Basin is known as the "cornucopia". (5) The Sanjiangyuan area is known as the "Chinese Water Tower", which is the most important conservation area in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, the Yangtze River and the Lancang River, and is also the habitat of some animals and plants, so the improvement of the ecological environment in this area has become an urgent matter. (6) Transportation: Sichuan-Tibet, Qinghai-Tibet, Xin-Tibet, Yunnan-Tibet, China-Nepal Highway and Qinghai-Tibet Railway (Xining-Lhasa) (7) Agriculture: Huangshui Valley, Yarlung Zangbo River Valley (River Valley Agriculture), crops are mainly barley, wheat, peas, rape.
113. Northwest China (1) Climatic characteristics: Drought is the main natural feature of this region. (2) Relying on the Yellow River, irrigated agriculture was formed in the areas along it: the Hetao Plain and the Ningxia Plain (collectively known as "Saiwai Jiangnan"); In inland areas, relying on the melting water of ice and snow in the high mountains, the cultivation industry is developed: such as the Turpan Basin and the Hexi Corridor. (3) Animal husbandry is mainly distributed in the Inner Mongolia grassland, Hexi Corridor and Tianshan pasture; Breeds: Three Rivers Cattle, Three Hippos, Fine Wool Sheep, etc.
China's agricultural, industrial, and transportation industries
114. Agriculture in a broad sense is divided into crop farming, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline and fishery.
115. South - rice (crops) - rice (staple food);
North – Wheat (crop) – Pasta (staple food).
116. Main Commodity Grain Base: Sanjiang Plain (spring wheat); Songnen Plain (spring wheat); Dongting Lake Plain (rice);
117. Fiber crops: cotton production is concentrated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River; Xinjiang is a high-quality long-staple cotton producing area in China.
Oil crops: The largest production area of rapeseed is the Yangtze River Basin; The distribution of peanuts is relatively common, and Shandong and Henan provinces are the main production areas.
Sugar crops: sugarcane is mainly distributed in South China and the Sichuan Basin, with the largest production area being Guangxi; Sugar beets are mainly distributed in Hei, Ji, Inner Mongolia and Xin.
Beverage crops: The main tea producing areas are Fujian, Zhejiang, Yunnan, etc.
Tropical cash crops: coconut, cocoa, coffee, natural rubber, etc., mainly distributed in South China.
118. The four major pastoral areas in the west and north of China: Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Qinghai, ** Main livestock breeds: Sanhe cattle, Sanhe hippos, fine-wool sheep, yaks, Tibetan sheep, etc. Animal husbandry in the eastern and southern agricultural areas of China is dominated by livestock and poultry breeding. Sichuan, Hunan and Henan are the main production areas of commercial pigs in China.
119. Industrial layout (coastal hinterland, urban and rural).
Liaoning Central and South Industrial Base (mainly heavy industry).
Beijing-Tianjin-Tang Industrial Base (comprehensive, the largest in the north).
Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou Industrial Base (comprehensive, the largest in the country).
Pearl River Delta Industrial Base (mainly light industry).
120. Cotton, wool, silk, linen textile and chemical fiber, of which the cotton textile industry is the most important. The distribution of cotton textile industrial bases is characterized by their proximity to cotton production bases, such as Shanghai, Tianjin, Zhengzhou, Wuhan, etc. The wool textile industry is mainly distributed in the four major pastoral areas. Silk textiles are mainly distributed in the Jiangnan region, and Suzhou and Hangzhou are the most famous.
121. The high-tech industry has shown a trend of diversification, and the electronic information products manufacturing industry has become the largest sector in the manufacturing industry.
122, "three horizontal and five vertical":
Horizontal: A Beijing-Baolan line, B Longhai-Lanxin line, C Shanghai-Hangzhou, Zhejiang-Jiangxi, Xiang-Guizhou, Guizhou-Kunming line;
Longitudinal: Beijing-Shanghai Line, Beijing-Kowloon Line, Beijing-Harbin Beijing-Guangzhou Line, Taijiao-Jiaoliu Line, Baocheng-Chengkun Line.
123. The following points should be paid attention to in the reasonable choice of transportation mode:
Valuable or urgently needed cargo, not in large quantities – by air; Dead and spoiled living creatures, perishables – road (short-distance), rail (long-distance); Bulky cargo – rail, water transport (depending on the location and transportation route of the two places); Liquids, gases – pipelines.
124. Topography: The southeast is dominated by plains, the northwest is dominated by mountains, and the topography is characterized by high in the northwest and low in the southeast.
125. Climate: Temperate monsoon climate, characterized by heat and concentrated rainfall.
126. Urban functions: the country's political, economic, cultural, transportation, scientific research, and education centers.
127. Places of interest: Zhoukoudian ancient human ruins, the Forbidden City, the Temple of Heaven, the Summer Palace, the Ming Tombs, and the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty.
128. Favorable conditions for economic development in the Pearl River Delta: obvious geographical advantages, both sea and land, and developed transportation; It is the southern gate of the motherland and an important port for the outside world; Close to Southeast Asia, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, it has made great efforts to open up to the outside world, and actively introduced foreign investment and technology; Make use of abundant labor resources to develop intensive industries (processing and manufacturing); Abundant tourism resources.
129. Favorable conditions for agricultural development in the Pearl River Delta: sufficient light and heat, abundant rainfall, flat terrain, fertile soil, and dense river network.
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.
Three mountains: Altai Mountains, Tien Shan Mountains, Kunlun Mountains.
130, "Three Mountains Sandwich Two Basins".
Two basins: Junggar Basin and Tarim Basin.
131. Climatic characteristics: temperate continental climate.
The climate is arid, and agricultural production must rely on irrigation.
It is located deep inland, far from the sea, and is less affected by ocean currents and has less precipitation.
There are few sunny days, the light is particularly strong, and the melons and fruits are particularly sweet.
132. Agriculture - Oasis agriculture (the edge of the basin), the water source mainly comes from the meltwater of alpine ice and snow.
Xinjiang is the main production area of long-staple cotton in China, and cantaloupe and Turpan grapes are famous throughout the country.
133. The core of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River industrial belt: Chongqing, Wuhan and Shanghai.
134. Rural geography should be understood and mastered according to the specific conditions of various cities.
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