It snowed a lot in Erlang Mountain, and Xuan Zhuo Qionglu learned from the people. The plain clothes are not old in winter, and the oil is like Luoyang dust. ”
The poem describes the oil scene in the Yanzhou (present-day Yan'an, Shaanxi) region, which has been an important energy and chemical raw material since ancient times, and has been widely used in various fields. Today, let's take a look at the ins and outs of oil.
Oil is natural.
These include gaseous, liquid, and solid forms, and are often referred to as **. It is mainly composed of alkanes, naphthenes, and aromatic hydrocarbons and is known as the "blood of industry".
Hydrocarbon compounds, which are made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms, including alkanes, cycloalkanes, olefins, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons, are insoluble in water, but many can be burned to produce carbon dioxide and water.
Simply put, petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds such as alkanes, naphthenes, and aromatic hydrocarbons.
The history of oil extraction dates back thousands of years. According to archaeological discoveries, ancient civilizations such as ancient Egypt, ancient Babylon and India began to collect natural asphalt for a variety of purposes such as construction, embalming, bonding, decoration and pharmaceuticals as early as the 10th century BC. These early oil harvests relied primarily on the seepage and extraction of natural bitumen.
In the 5th century AD, oil wells dug by hand appeared near Susa, the capital of the Persian Empire. By the 7th century AD, the Byzantines began to use ** mixed with lime, which was used to attack enemy ships after being lit. This indicates that at that time people had recognized the burning properties of oil and began to use it for military purposes.
In the Middle Ages, there were also records of oil seeping out of the ground throughout Europe. People began to use ** as a "panacea", and farmers in Galicia, Romania and other places dug wells to extract oil. By the 40-50s of the 19th century, Europeans first refined kerosene from ** for lighting, which marked the beginning of the oil industry.
In 1859, in a small town in Pennsylvania, Drake drilled the first modern oil well, which is considered the beginning of the modern oil industry.
Petroleum can be processed in different ways to produce a variety of products.
Petroleum can be fractionated under atmospheric pressure to obtain light oils such as petroleum gas, gasoline, kerosene, and diesel. These light oils are common petroleum products in daily life and are widely used in transportation, industry and households.
The main component of LPG is a mixture of propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10), and usually also contains small amounts of propylene (C3H6) and butene (C4H8). These components are all hydrocarbons and have flammable and explosive properties. LPG is gaseous at room temperature and pressure (-42 at room pressure).7～0.5), but when the pressure rises or the temperature decreases, it can easily become liquid.
It is commonly used as a fuel and is used in homes and industries for cooking and heating. The gas we usually use is liquefied petroleum gas.
Gasoline is mainly composed of C aliphatic hydrocarbons and naphthenic hydrocarbons, as well as a certain amount of aromatic hydrocarbons. It is a volatile and flammable hydrocarbon mixture liquid that is fractionated and cracked from petroleum and can be used as fuel. Gasoline has a high octane (C8H18) content, and is divided into 89, 90, 92, 93, 95, 97, 98 and other grades according to the octane number. For example, gasoline 92 means that the gasoline contains 92% isooctane and the rest is other hydrocarbons.
The octane content of gasoline reflects the anti-knock combustion performance of gasoline, in short, 92 gasoline is more prone to knocking than 95 gasoline.
The detonation phenomenon of the engine, simply put, is the phenomenon that the gasoline in the engine burns unsteadily and unevenly, and the combustion process will suddenly become very violent and fast, like a small **.
Gasoline is mainly used as a fuel for internal combustion engines such as cars, motorcycles, and other small engines.
Kerosene, also known as fire oil, is a mixture of medium alkanes, with a carbon atom count typically between C11 and C17 and a higher boiling point than gasoline.
It is mainly used as a fuel in the aviation field and is known as aviation kerosene. It has high combustion efficiency, large calorific value, less residue, good stability, higher safety and better environmental protection.
In areas where electricity is not yet widespread. Kerosene lamps have a stable burning and soft light, so they are suitable for home lighting, wild adventures, etc.
Diesel is mainly composed of long-chain alkanes, which typically range from 12 to 22 carbon atom numbers and have a higher boiling point than gasoline and kerosene.
The most important use of diesel is in diesel engines for vehicles and ships.
Compared with gasoline engines, diesel engines have high thermal efficiency and low fuel consumption rates, so some small cars and even high-performance cars have switched to diesel.
Diesel has the advantages of low energy consumption and low emissions, so it is also considered to be a sustainable energy source in the future.
However, diesel also has some drawbacks. For example, diesel engines are noisy and vibrate.
In addition, the sulphur content of diesel is also a concern, as it can have an impact on the environment and human health.
In addition, petroleum can also be refined into lubricating oil, propylene, asphalt and other chemical raw materials, petroleum wax and other products. These raw materials have a wide range of applications in many fields such as manufacturing, construction, and agriculture.
However, the extraction and use of oil also brings some environmental problems, such as climate change, air pollution, and soil pollution. Therefore, in the process of oil exploitation and use, a series of environmental protection measures and technical means need to be adopted to reduce the negative impact on the environment.
Conclusion: In short, oil, as an important natural resource, is of great significance to the development and progress of human society. We need a deeper understanding of the composition and properties of oil in order to better utilize and protect this precious resource. At the same time, we also need to actively explore and develop alternative energy sources to achieve the goal of sustainable development.