Although Nanjing was established in 1912, the Qing regime in the north still had strength, and the three eastern provinces, Henan, Hebei, Shandong and other places had not yet been liberated, and the armed uprising of the northern revolutionaries was also suppressed and disintegrated. "
On January 1, the Xinhai Revolution successfully overthrew the rule of the Qing feudal dynasty and put an end to China's more than 2,000-year-old feudal monarchy. Under the new historical background, China has begun to adopt and practice the world's popular model of democratic republican form of government.
In order to establish a new **, Sun Yat-sen recommended Yuan Shikai as the great ** in accordance with the resolution of the 13 southern provincial deputies meeting and the agreement on peace between the north and the south, and held an inauguration ceremony in Beijing on March 10.
During this period, Sun Yat-sen promulgated the Provisional Statute and appointed a responsible cabinet headed by Tang Shaoyi. Although the League would lose power in the coming period, the victory of the Xinhai Revolution still marked the progress and transformation of Chinese history.
After the Wuchang Uprising, the headquarters of the League was moved from Tokyo to Shanghai, and the office of Xinjia Garden was established. In view of the negative tendencies and the state of organizational slackening within the party, the headquarters held two meetings on December 26 and 30 to discuss the revision of the constitution of the League and the reorganization of the organization.
After the establishment of the Nanjing Provisional Society, the phenomenon of the League's disorganized behavior intensified, and Sun Yat-sen focused on dealing with various contradictions and difficulties in the Nanjing Provisional Society, unable to take into account the internal problems of the Alliance.
In the minds of the other leaders of the League, the task of the anti-Manchu revolution had been accomplished, and the next step was to emulate the European and American democratic republics and implement party politics. It was against this background that the League began to consider its reorganization from a clandestine revolutionary party to an open party.
At that time, various other political parties had already been formed. On January 13, 1912, the headquarters of the League was moved from Shanghai to Nanjing. On the 22nd, a meeting was held at the headquarters, which was attended by representatives of the provincial league associations in Ningning, and Hu Hanmin's representative Sun Yat-sen attended the meeting.
After intense debate, the meeting finally reached a decision on reorganization. On March 3, 1912, the League held a plenary meeting at its headquarters in Nanjing, adopted the new General Chapter, and elected Sun Yat-sen as prime minister and Huang Xing and Li Yuanhong as assistants.
It was officially announced that the League would be reorganized into a political party, and that it would be open from secret. The new General Chapter consists of 6 chapters and 34 articles. The "General Chapter" stipulates that the League "aims to consolidate China and implement the principle of people's livelihood".
The specific political program is: complete administrative unification and promote local autonomy; practice of racial assimilation; the adoption of national social policies; universal compulsory education; advocating for equal rights for men and women; enforcing a system of conscription; Organise the finances and determine the tax system; striving for international equality; Pay attention to the cause of resettlement and reclamation.
This new program of the League has changed from its original purpose. In order to meet the requirements of the new regime, the content contains important principles and guidelines in all aspects of political system, economic construction, frontier construction, diplomacy and many other aspects that should be considered, and points out the direction of construction in the future.
First of all, the new policy program abandons the two major doctrines of nationality and civil rights, and appears to be politically immature. Secondly, there are no strict standards for the entry of new party members, which makes the composition of party members complex, and the cohesion and combat effectiveness are gradually weakened.
These factors led to the collapse of the League and the weakening of its combat effectiveness. With the temporary relocation of Nanjing to the north, the headquarters of the League was also moved to Beijing, which made Sun Yat-sen begin to realize the importance of attaching importance to party building.
However, because he was busy with political affairs as a temporary leader, he was exhausted and no longer cared about the affairs of the party, and he thought that "if he is already in power, if he immediately organizes the League, will it not be the National Club League?" ”
This gave people the suspicion of ***, coupled with the attack of the Constitutionalists, which made him start to consider not interfering in the affairs of the party.
Dr. Sun Yat-sen devoted himself to the principle of people's livelihood, especially in the construction of railways, and his speeches and speeches always focused on this theme. According to statistics, from April 1912 to the end of the year, he delivered 38 speeches and speeches with the theme of people's livelihood, more than one-third of all speeches and speeches.
In addition, in the early years, there were many political parties, and various classes and strata took advantage of the democratic atmosphere formed after the Xinhai Revolution to organize various open political parties or political groups. According to statistics, from February to October 1912, 85 parties were registered by the Ministry of Civil Affairs, and many more were not registered or later filed.
By the end of 1913, there were 312 political party groups, forming a phenomenon of "party politics" unique to the early years. Among them, the political parties outside the League can be roughly divided into five types, such as the All-China Federation, the People's Society, the Freedom Party of China, the Labor Party of China, etc., their purposes and guiding ideologies are different, but they are all closely related to Mr. Sun Yat-sen's people's livelihood.
Wu Jingheng was elected as the director-general, He Wen was the secretary, and Liu Chengyu and Wang Pengnian were important members. They published documents such as the Statute of the Civil Society, expressing that they took Rousseau's "Treatise on the Covenant of the People" as the fundamental concept.
Later, Sun Wu and others established a branch of the Minshe in Hankou and actively recruited members. Some of them were leaders of the Wuchang uprising, some were old bureaucratic politicians.
They had hoped to enter Nanjing to hold a key position temporarily, but in the end they were unsuccessful, so they held strong antagonism towards Nanjing** and Sun Yat-sen. The Minsha claimed that its purpose was to develop a sound republican form of government, but in fact it turned against Sun and supported Li Yuanhong and Yuan Shikai.
They published the organ newspaper "Minsheng**" in Shanghai, and on the issue of building a capital, the Minshe first opposed the establishment of a capital in Nanjing, and was considered to be the spokesperson for supporting Yuan Shikai in Hubei.
When Yuan Shikai took office in Beijing and the provisional Senate was moved to Beijing, the Democratic Society and the United States formed a coalition to form the Republican Party and confront the League. Others include the Chinese ** Freedom Party, the Chinese ** Labor Party, etc.
The second evolved from the organization of the Constitutionalists. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the current constitutional activities of the Constitutional Friends Association and the Constitutional Practical Advancement Association, due to the Xinhai Revolution and the Yuan Dynasty, the noble parliamentarians appointed by the King James naturally disappeared.
After a period of wait-and-see, as the wind of party politics in the early Republic of China emerged, they quickly changed their forms, became active again, and established a series of small organizations.
For example, the "Seminar on the Construction of the Republic" organized by Tang Hualong, former director of the Hubei Provincial Consultative Bureau, and Lin Changmin, a representative of the Fujian Provincial Consultative Bureau, the "Republican Unification**" organized by Sun Hongyi, a former member of the Constitutionalists, and the "National Association for the Advancement" founded by Zhongyin, Zhou Dalie, and others from the Constitutionalist faction.
The third was initiated and organized by the local gentry. For example, in March 1912, more than ten gentlemen such as Zhou Fupeng, Xu Sweepan, and Luo Mingju initiated the Chinese Citizens' Rapid Advancement Association in Shanghai, and its headquarters was set up in Xianglinli, Baoshan Street, Shanghai, and branches were set up at any time.
Their purpose is to "uphold righteousness, turn private affairs into public affairs, support civil rights, develop public opinion, guide the people of the whole country, be able to fulfill their civic duties, consolidate the world, and form a perfect republican politics".
1.Those who join the party need to pay a party fee of 2 yuan, and a regular fee of 4 yuan per year, which is paid in four quarters. Shen Jianhou was elected as the manager. The main activities planned included the issuance of ** to play a role in speech, the popularization of the idea of the republic, the compilation of practical books as textbook preparation, and the construction of primary schools in various places to cultivate civic qualities.
However, the party failed to achieve the above plan. 2.In the course of political struggle, some political parties with similar ideas eventually merged and rebuilt several larger political parties in order to gain momentum.
For example, in the Republican Party, on March 1, 1912, Zhang Taiyan changed the name of the All-China ** Federation to Tong**. On May 9, the United League united with the National Association, the People's Society, the National Convention, and the Kuomintang established by Pan Changxu and Zhu Shoupeng in February 1912 to hold an inaugural meeting in Shanghai, which was named the Republican Party.
The party's members were mainly constitutionalists, old bureaucrats, old military officers, and frustrated elements from the League. They opposed Sun Yat-sen, supported Yuan Shikai, and fought against the League, becoming the first major party opposed to the League.
They called themselves the "National Rights Party", called the League a "Civil Rights Party", and even slandered it as a "mob party". 3.The United Republican Party was formed by the merger of three organizations: the "Republican Unification Association", the "National Advancement Association", and the "Political Dialogue Council".
The Director-General is Cai Yi and Wang Zhixiang. They advocate the establishment of an "absolutely unified" and "completely republican" China**. At the end of February 1912, Jing Yaoyue of the Republican Unification Association was in charge of convening the three parties to meet in Shanghai and initially reached an agreement on merging and establishing the "Unified Republican Party".
On April 11, the United Republican Party held its inaugural meeting in Nanjing, announcing that it would "consolidate national unity."
1. To build a perfect republican politics, follow the world trend, develop national strength, and strive for progress".
The members came from the League and the Constitutionalists, and most of them were political leaders, so the activities were well funded. For example, Cai Yi allocated 100,000 yuan at a time as the party's activity fund.
They consider themselves a third party and try to reconcile the League with the Republican Party. Nationwide, they have established branches in more than 10 provinces and attracted tens of thousands of party members.
The Democratic Party, which consisted of the "Republican Construction Seminar" and the "National Association", held its inaugural meeting on October 27, 1912, and elected Tong Hualong as its director-general.
The members are all former members of the Qing Consultative Bureau, and they claim that their groups are more solid than other political parties on the basis of a combination of political views. They declared their support for universal political education, freedom of law, the establishment of a strong government, and the reform of administration and social welfare, but in fact they supported Yuan Shikai more than Sun Yat-sen and the League.
The Chinese Socialist Party was founded by Jiang Kanghu, who claimed to be propagandists and practitioners of socialism. In July 1911, they founded the Society for the Study of Socialism, and on November 5, they held a congress in Shanghai to reorganize the Society into the Chinese Socialist Party.
They have a strong color of non-religionism, advocating the three-noism of no religion, no state, and no family, and advocate equality between men and women, equality in education, and public ownership of property.
After its founding, the Chinese Socialist Party gained popularity, especially among young students. However, their application was not approved in June 1912, but they continued to fight for it.
Finally, on August 7, 1913, Peking** ordered the dissolution of the party. These four parties have some common characteristics: vague programmes, loose organizational discipline, time-to-moment and very unstable, and their members mostly belong to the upper echelons of the bourgeoisie or petty bourgeoisie, including intellectuals and old and new bureaucrats.
Most of them supported Yuan Shikai and opposed Sun Yat-sen and the League, and a few sympathized with and supported Sun Yat-sen and the League and opposed Yuan Shikai. Most of their organizations lack a mass base, are established quickly, and disappear quickly.
In addition, there were some political parties organized by the Manchu royal family to oppose the change of state structure, such as the Zongshe Party. On January 19, 1912, Zaitao and Liangbi and other Manchurian and Mongolian princes and nobles saw that it was impossible to use Yuan Shikai to keep the Qing imperial family from abdicating, so they united dozens of people and issued a declaration in the name of the "Constitutional Monarchy Maintenance Association", announcing the establishment of the Zongshe Party.
In Beijing, they instigated Manchu officers and soldiers to form a guard, and outside they colluded with Chang Geng, the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, and Sheng Yun, the governor of Shaanxi, to prevent Yuan Shikai from negotiating peace with the revolutionaries in order to prolong the rule of the Qing Dynasty.
1.At the urging of the Nanjing Provisional **, the Qing Emperor was forced to abdicate, and the Beijing Zongshe Party collapsed on its own. Under the influence of this trend of thought, the overwhelming majority of the revolutionaries represented by Soong Jiaoren were eager to try and actively carry out the work of reorganizing the League into the Kuomintang.
2.Sun Yat-sen was initially indifferent to the formation of the Kuomintang and was not enthusiastic. However, in the face of the "fever of forming a party" and the formation of a "large number of political parties" in the early years, he also had to agree with Song Jiaoren's proposal and support him to reorganize the League and unite with other parties to establish a new large-scale political party, so as to consolidate the newly born ** political power.
3.However, Sun Yat-sen also stressed that the current political situation cannot bring about major changes, and it is necessary to proceed from economic construction, develop material resources, make the people's livelihood abundant, and the country's momentum will not waver, so that politics can make a difference.
He left the reorganization of the League and the establishment of the Kuomintang to Soong Jiaoren, while he himself planned to devote himself to the construction of the railway.
Beginning on May 30, 1912, the Chinese League discussed merger with other parties. On June 5, the League, the Republican Party, and the United Republican Party discussed the establishment of a political opinion meeting as a body for the three parties to discuss political views and discuss issues.
However, the Republican Party is bent on confronting the League and has no possibility of cooperation. After some twists and turns, on August 11, the China League, the United Republican Party, the Kuomintang Progressive Party, the Republican Practical Progressive Association, and the Kuomintang formed a new political party in Beijing, named the Kuomintang.
On August 25, the inaugural meeting was formally convened, with Zhang Ji as chairman, and the name of the party and the statute of the Kuomintang were adopted. The meeting elected Sun Yat-sen, Huang Xing, Song Jiaoren, Wang Chonghui, Wang Zhixiang, Wu Jinglian, Wang Wenwen, Zhang Feng, Gongsang Norbu 9 people as directors, and elected Hu Hanmin, Zhang Ji, Tan Yanmin, Yu Youren, Yan Xishan, Bai Wenwei, Li Liejun, Tang Shaoyi, Hu Ying and other 30 people as senators.
On September 3, the Kuomintang held a council meeting in Beijing and elected Sun Yat-sen as its chairman. However, Sun Yat-sen had little interest in party affairs, and soon entrusted Song Jiaoren**, who still focused on people's livelihood issues such as railways, and traveled all over the country and even Japan.
Before and after its formal founding, the Kuomintang issued the "Kuomintang Manifesto", "Circular Overseas Book", "Kuomintang Statute" and other documents. The "Statute of the Kuomintang" stipulates that the headquarters shall be set up in Beijing, the capital of the country, to oversee the affairs of the whole party; There are 9 directors, representing the party, taking charge of party affairs, with a term of 2 years, and 1 director nominated each other as the chairman; There are 30 senators, who will participate in important events of the party for a term of 2 years; The Ministry of Communications shall be set up in all commercial ports outside the provincial capital, branches shall be set up in the provincial capitals, and branches shall be set up in the prefectures and counties; Overseas Chinese with more than 1,000 party members shall set up branches, and branches shall be set up in places with less than 1,000 members.
The composition of the Kuomintang is fundamentally aimed at competing for seats in the Senate in the national movement, so the content of the early Three People's Principles of the League has been greatly changed, and nationalism is gone, but it proposes "strict racial assimilation", and populism is not mentioned, but "civilian politics" is proposed, and people's livelihood has become "adopting people's livelihood policies".
In order to gain a majority of seats in the National Assembly, under the slogan of "blending the old with the new," and in the course of organizational development, the development policy of "inclusiveness" was adopted, and people were recruited into the party everywhere, and a large number of bureaucrats, politicians, and constitutionalists became members of the Kuomintang.
In Zhao Bingjun's cabinet, except for the three chiefs of the army, navy, and foreign affairs, the rest were all members of the Kuomintang, so Zhao Bingjun's cabinet was called the Kuomintang cabinet. The move made the KMT more complicated"There is no way to implement it, and the revolutionary spirit of the era of the China League has almost been lost"As Chen Qimei said in a letter to Huang Xing: "The League was formed in the secret era, and after Xinhai, it changed into the Kuomintang, and formally speaking, its scope is expanding and its strength is also growing.
But spiritually speaking, it is unrecognizable and complex, just like the same device, good and bad. Corrupt bureaucrats, despicable villains, and all kinds of remarks, who should be held responsible?
Who can be blamed when one's own people kill each other? "After the defeat of the Second Revolution, the domestic branches of the Kuomintang were attacked and strangled by Yuan Shikai, and soon collapsed.