Part 2: Pension model and pension peripheral industries
"A series of studies on China's pension industry (1)".In this context, this part studies the current main pension models and the surrounding industries of China's pension industry, so as to clarify the carrier and mode of providing services for China's pension industry. Therefore, this paper elaborates on the three main pension models in China, and clarifies the main characteristics and advantages and disadvantages of various pension models; In the context of aging, the demand for the pension industry is huge, and this paper expounds the products provided by the main pension peripheral industries and the future development direction, so as to clarify the future development direction of the pension industry.
1. RaisingThe old pattern
(1) Development history
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, China's pension mode and pension service system construction has undergone fundamental changes, which can be roughly divided into the following four stages of development, in each stage of development, the meaning, mode and support policies of family pension, home pension, community pension and institutional pension are also constantly evolving and developing. From the founding of the People's Republic of China to the early stage of reform and opening up, China's home-based elderly care and institutional elderly care for specific groups were combined; From the 80s of the 20th century to 2000, three basic ways of providing for the elderly were initially formed: institutions, communities and homes. Since then, China's institutional pension has continued to develop in the direction of marketization, socialization and specialization, with the number of institutional pension beds increasing, the service content expanding, and the service quality continuously improving; From 2001 to 2012, he led the construction of a social pension service system with the participation of multiple subjects; Since 2013, China has innovated the way of elderly care services and coordinated the integrated development of home-based elderly care in institutional communities. Under the guidance of national policies, China's traditional home-based care and institutional care have shown a trend of integrated development. The national policy advocates and encourages elderly care institutions to use their professional advantages to carry out door-to-door services that extend to the home, and also encourages the development of specialized companies specializing in home-based services, using Internet smart technology to combine online and offline services to provide services for the elderly at home. At the same time, the concepts of community care and home care have also been further integrated, and a community home care model has emerged, that is, a home-based care model that relies on community care services and facilities to meet the needs of the elderly living at home. Table 1 The development process of China's pension model
(b).differentThe type of services provided by the pension model1. Home careHome care services for the elderly cover life care, housekeeping services, ** nursing, medical care, spiritual comfort, etc., with door-to-door services as the main form. For the elderly who are in good physical condition and can basically take care of themselves, provide family services, canteens for the elderly, legal services and other services; Provide services such as housework, home health care, barrier-free modification, emergency call, and security assistance for the elderly, who are unable to take care of themselves, living alone, and disabled. 2. Community care for the elderlyCommunity elderly care services are an important support for home-based elderly care services, which have two types of functions: community day care and home-based elderly care support, and mainly provide services for the elderly in the community who have no one or are unable to take care of them during the day. In cities, it is usually combined with the construction of community service facilities to set up elderly care facility outlets and create a home-based elderly care service platform. In rural areas, day care and short-term care beds are usually established on the basis of township nursing homes. 3. Institutional pensionInstitutional pension services focus on facility construction, and realize their basic pension service functions through facility construction. Elderly care institutions mainly provide special services for the disabled and semi-disabled elderly, including: (1) life care, to meet the daily life needs of the elderly such as dressing, eating, toileting, bathing, indoor and outdoor activities. (2) ** Nursing, to help the elderly restore physiological functions to a certain extent or slow down the decline of some physiological functions. (3) Emergency rescue. Provide emergency response and rescue services for the elderly for sudden illnesses and other emergencies, so that the elderly can receive timely and effective rescue. (4) Hospice services. In addition to providing daily care services, the staff of the nursing home also assume an important role in accompanying the elderly to the last journey of life. (3) The advantages and disadvantages of the three pension models1. Home care for the elderly (1) AdvantagesThis model combines the elderly living at home with the services and support provided by the society, which can not only overcome the dilemma of weakening the ability of family care services for the elderly, meet the needs of the elderly group for local care services on a large scale, but also make up for the shortcomings of narrow coverage of institutional pension, high cost and separation of the elderly from their families. Home care also has the following advantages: Convenience: Home care can allow the elderly to be cared for and cared for in a familiar family environment, and the elderly can feel more affection and warmth, which is more conducive to the physical and mental health of the elderly. Flexibility: Home care can provide personalized services according to the actual needs of the elderly, and the flexibility is high. Affordability: The cost of home care is relatively low. The elderly can choose suitable services according to their financial situation to reduce their financial burden. (2) Lack of professional personnel Due to the lack of professional nursing staff and social workers, the quality of home care services is uneven, and it is difficult for the elderly to receive professional care and care, especially for the elderly with special health needs. At present, there are relatively many old urban communities in China, and in terms of residence, the rooms where the elderly live are low and the safety problems are prominent. At the same time, many elderly activity centers and community elderly care service facilities are generally outdated, with single service items, most of which only provide simple recreational activities, medical facilities and equipment for the elderly are seriously insufficient, there is a lack of specialized medical care facilities and equipment, psychological counseling and judicial services are mere formalities, and normalized service activities cannot be truly carried out. 2. Community pension (1) The advantage of community pension is that the elderly live in their own homes, and while continuing to be taken care of by their families, the relevant service agencies and people in the community provide door-to-door services or care services for the elderly, so that the best combination of family pension and institutional pension is concentrated in the community, and the problem of isolation between the elderly and their families is avoided while obtaining professional services. (2) Insufficiency There is an uneven spatial distribution between supply and demand, and the spatial layout of community pension service resources often lacks unified planning, especially the increase of the mobile elderly population in large cities, which aggravates the difficulty of statistics on the number and geographical location of the elderly population, resulting in a mismatch between the distribution of community pension service resources and the size of the elderly population, and the needs of the elderly can not be effectively met, the utilization rate of pension resources is not high, and the phenomenon of resource waste exists. The type and content of services need to be enrichedAt present, the content of community pension services in China is generally single and low-level, most of the services provided are daily life services, and the supply of more professional services such as long-term care, nursing, psychological counseling, and spiritual comfort is relatively insufficient, and the special rigid needs of the disabled, dementia, advanced age, and empty nest elderly can not be effectively met. 3. Institutional pension (1) Advantages Professional nursing and care institutions for the elderly usually have a professional elderly service team and professional facilities and equipment, which can provide professional services. According to the individual situation of the elderly, appropriate care measures and plans are developed to ensure that each elderly person receives appropriate care and attention. Institutional care often has emergency treatment programs that can respond quickly and provide appropriate care in the event of an emergency for older adults. Rich social and recreational activitiesInstitutional care organizations often organize a variety of social and recreational activities that enable older people to maintain an active and happy lifestyle, as well as provide psychological and emotional support. By participating in social activities, the elderly can share the joys, sorrows and sorrows in life, reduce the psychological burden, and gain mutual understanding and support, so as to promote the cognitive and spiritual activities of the elderly, help the elderly restore social networks, reduce loneliness, and improve the quality of life. Reducing the burden of family careInstitutional care can reduce the care burden of family members, especially for those families who are unable to take care of the elderly around the clock, institutional care can provide round-the-clock care services. (2) Lack of family emotional companionship due to institutional care to a certain extent makes the elderly out of the family, for some elderly people, lack of daily intimate contact and family emotional companionship, emotional communication with children is becoming less and less, easy to feel empty and depressed. Higher costsInstitutional care usually requires a certain amount of fees, including accommodation, nursing fees, and other service costs. These costs can be burdensome for some older people and families.
Second, the pension surrounding industry
(1) Pension finance1. The main product provided is pension finance, which refers to all financial activities carried out in the context of social aging, including pension finance, pension industry finance and pension service finance. (1) Pension financial productsPension finance is usually a tool to help individuals obtain a stable income or achieve financial planning when they retire. Therefore, the common financial products are: pension investment, which invests funds in financial instruments such as bonds, real estate, etc., aiming to increase the value of pensions and ensure that investors can obtain sufficient returns after retirement; Pension insurance, which provides a lifetime income for the policyholder, and the income is paid when the policyholder reaches a certain age; A personal pension account, in which investors set up a retirement account to deposit funds and choose different investment options according to their personal risk appetite in order to realize benefits after retirement. (2) Financial products for the pension industryPension industry finance aims to carry out financial investment in the pension industry, mainly refers to the investment and financing of upstream and downstream related enterprises in the pension industry, through market financing to obtain funds, can help the relevant pension industry to better develop, and at the same time provide opportunities for investors to invest in the pension industry. (3) Financial products for pension servicesPension service finance aims to solve the problem of financial literacy shortage among the elderly and help them plan and manage their finances more effectively. Common products include: financial training for the elderly, which provides training services for the elderly on financial knowledge and investment foundation to improve the financial literacy of the elderly; Financial planning for the elderly, providing comprehensive financial planning services for the elderly, including retirement planning, estate planning, tax planning and other services, for the elderly to make investment references. 2. The role of pension finance in the pension industryPension finance mainly provides a variety of financial products and services to meet the financial needs of the elderly after retirement and improve the quality of life of the elderly. The benign development of pension finance can increase the scale of pension assets and their ability to guarantee, and can ensure the security of pension payment; For community and institutional pensioners, they can carry out asset investment and financing through pension finance, improve infrastructure and enhance professional services, so as to provide more diversified services; Provide a stable flow of funds for home-based caregivers, so that they can independently plan their old age life through financial investment and ensure basic living dependence. 3. In the context of the increasing pressure on the payment of the first pillar of the pension, it is very important to improve the diversity of personal pension products, the availability of pension services, and the facilitation of investment and financing of the pension industry, which is very important to solve the investment and financing difficulties of the pension industry and build an investment and financing platform. The application of technological innovations such as AI, blockchain, big data and other technologies will change the way pension finance operates. Digital and intelligent tools are expected to improve the efficiency, security and accessibility of ageing financial products. (2) Pension real estatePension real estate is an integrated industry centered on real estate for the needs of the elderly for residential life, medical care, catering and entertainment, tourism activities, etc. 1. Main products provided (1) Retirement community: Create a community for the elderly, providing a variety of housing options, social, cultural and high-quality activities to promote social interaction and health of the elderly. (2) Detached house: A room designed for seniors who are willing to live alone, including apartments, townhouses, or detached cottages. (3) Nursing facilities: These facilities provide medical and nursing support to older people who require a higher level of care and supervision, including nursing homes, nursing centers, and nursing homes. (4) Health facilities: Some senior housing projects build gyms, medical clinics, physical centers, and health promotion services to support the health of the elderly. 2. The role of pension real estate in the pension industryPension real estate provides a safer and more comfortable living environment for the elderly, helps adapt to the life of the elderly, promotes socialization and improves the quality of life. Specifically: in terms of home care, provide barrier-free apartments, including barrier-free access, ramps and elevators, so that the elderly can live independently and safely; In terms of community care for the elderly, a dedicated community for the elderly will be built, equipped with gymnasiums, activity centers, libraries and other facilities to promote communication and social activities among the elderly; In terms of institutional elderly care, we will build more high-quality nursing homes to meet the demand for beds, and establish shopping malls, medical institutions and public transportation around nursing homes to provide convenient living services and facilities. 3. The future development direction of pension real estateAccording to the "Analysis of the Development Status and Investment Prospects of China's Pension Real Estate Industry (2023-2030)" released by Guanyan Report Network, commercial elderly apartments are still in the emerging stage of development in China. At present, major real estate companies have built pension real estate, hospitals, health care institutions, entertainment, etc. into comprehensive pension communities, equipped with commercial pension properties, and provided professional services for the elderly. In the future, the application of intelligence, Internet of Things and other technologies will improve the intelligence and safety of the living environment of the elderly, and provide better services for the elderly. (3) Pension servicesElderly care services are the most tangible part of the experience of the elderly. At present, the services for the elderly mainly include geriatric care, geriatric medical care, and geriatric professional services. 1. The main products offered(1) Elderly careElderly care is mainly the care of daily life and spiritual companionship. By providing care for the elderly in need of care in all aspects, so that they can achieve a certain quality of life. Spiritual companionship can allow the elderly to have a good mental state, improve their physical condition, improve quality, and enable the elderly to maintain a healthy mental state by strengthening the assessment of their psychological condition and actively carrying out activities such as mental illness. (2) Geriatric medical careGeriatric care focuses on chronic conditions** and end-of-life care. Targeting chronic diseases in the elderly can prolong the life expectancy of the elderly and improve the quality of life. Quality end-of-life care alleviates the physical, psychological and spiritual suffering, preserves the dignity of the dying patient, improves the quality of life, enables him to pass the final stage of life peacefully, and provides psychological and spiritual support to his family by providing comprehensive services to the dying patient and his family. (3) Professional services for the elderlyGeriatric professional services include providing a platform for the elderly to show their self-worth, using the experience and knowledge of the elderly to make them feel their own value under the premise that their physical condition allows; Secondly, it provides professional services such as legal consultation and family relationship adjustment for the elderly to solve their troubles in life. 2. The role played in the pension industry is to provide basic living needs and professional health management services for the elderly, help the elderly solve the problems in life, help them better maintain their physical health, and provide psychological counseling, legal aid, family relationship mediation, etc., to help them better cope with the challenges and difficulties in life; Secondly, the geriatric service industry provides a platform for social interaction for the elderly, which helps to alleviate the loneliness of the elderly and improve their mental health. Finally, by making full use of the value and experience of the elderly, it provides them with a platform to show themselves and give full play to their spare energy, so that the elderly can feel the respect and recognition of the society, and enhance their self-confidence and sense of belonging. Elderly care services play an important role in meeting the basic needs of life, promoting social interaction, providing health management services, enhancing respect and identity, and improving the quality of life for the elderly. Helping the elderly better cope with the challenges and difficulties in life has improved their quality of life. 3. Future development directionWith the development of economy and society, pension services are developing in a more personalized and intelligent direction, providing better solutions for pension services. While the standardized elderly care service is becoming more and more perfect, there are more and more personalized needs, and customized service content is provided according to the living habits, personal preferences, and physical conditions of the elderly, so as to solve the special needs of individuals. Artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing and other technologies will greatly improve the efficiency and quality of elderly care services. (4) Pension supplies1. According to the "Statistical Classification of the Pension Industry (2020)" published by the National Bureau of Statistics, the main products provided are mainly divided into nine categories: elderly food, elderly daily necessities and auxiliary products, elderly fitness products, elderly leisure and entertainment products, elderly health care products, elderly drugs, elderly medical equipment and ** supplies, elderly intelligence and wearable equipment, and elderly scooters. It can be roughly divided into four categories: daily necessities for the elderly, health care supplies for the elderly, medical supplies for the elderly, and intelligent pension products. 2. The role of the pension industry in the pension industry Pension products play a role in the infrastructure of the pension industry, and the development and progress of the pension products industry will continue to improve the quality of life of the elderly and the level of pension services. First of all, there are professional pension products in all aspects of the life of the elderly, which will greatly facilitate the life of the elderly and promote the improvement of their physical condition; Secondly, the overall availability and professionalism of pension services should be improved, so as to improve the quality of pension services; Finally, specialized equipment can reduce the workload of pension service personnel, thereby attracting more people to join the pension industry and promote the vigorous development of the industry. 3. Future development direction: Pension products will develop in the direction of diversification, personalization and intelligence in the future. The diversification of pension needs has given rise to the diversification of pension products, so as to be able to meet the needs of more segments of the elderly group. With the development of information technology, more and more intelligent equipment is applied to life, and pension products will also develop in the direction of intelligence, such as intelligent health monitoring equipment will be more timely feedback on the physical condition of the elderly, and intelligent communication equipment will be more convenient for the elderly to communicate with the outside world, shortening the distance of the elderly's foreign exchanges.
3. Summary
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the three pension models have fully demonstrated their respective advantages in the pension service, realizing the high-quality development of China's pension service and better serving the elderly group; The three pension models have their own characteristics, each has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the elderly should choose a suitable pension model according to their own conditions when choosing a pension model. The vigorous development of China's pension products industry has promoted China's pension services to achieve a leap of "from scratch, from there to excellent", and the four major industries of pension finance, pension real estate, pension services and pension supplies have built a three-dimensional pension service pattern in China by giving full play to their respective roles in the pension industry.