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The Ming Dynasty was the last dynasty in which the Han Chinese became rulers as the dominant ethnic group in China. After its establishment, the Yuan Dynasty, which was not completely sinicized, was expelled to Mobei, so that they returned to the nomadic life, and then in order to prevent them from coming back, they created a huge border defense system, and at the same time, in order to ensure the superiority of equipment when fighting against the Mongolian nomads, the emperors of the early Ming Dynasty paid great attention to the development of firearms and the sophistication of cold weapons, coupled with the continuous reinforcement and repair of the Great Wall, so that the Ming army took the lead in the first technology and combat application. Ming Chengzu Zhu Di because of the experience of serving in the army in the north and later in Beiping, so he moved the capital to Beiping after he ascended the throne as the emperor, of course, there are many reasons for moving the capital, but at least the climatic conditions in the north Zhu Di is very adaptable, and the important point is estimated to have the intention of the Son of Heaven to live on the side and set up a permanent armament. Having said that, the Han nationality is an agrarian culture, and the disadvantage of this cultural method is that the idea of small peasants has a certain weakness, so when the Han empire reaches a peak of agrarian culture, the whole society will be immersed in prosperity, and at this time, everyone does not want to fight, which can be said to be peaceful for a long time. Normally, nomads would covet the prosperity of the Han Empire, so war was inevitable. The Ming Dynasty finally lost the military superiority of the Ming army in the Yingzong period after the situation of Renxuan's rule of the world, and since then, the Ming Dynasty has gradually taken a defensive position in the face of nomads, and also insisted on implementing the system of ** people on the grassland. But the battle between the Ming Dynasty and the Mongol Empire did not have a winner, because after Wanli, with the rise of the Jurchen fishing and hunting people in the northeast, the first to suffer was the Mongols, who fought with the Ming Dynasty for hundreds of years but were completely defeated by the Jurchens, and when the Ming and Qing dynasties came, the Ming Dynasty was attacked by the peasant army in the north, and then destroyed by the Qing Dynasty in the same year, But at this moment, the honest and hard-working Han farmers at the bottom of the agrarian society finally burst out with a strong and immortal roar of passion when faced with no land to plant. Two hundred years after the Qing Dynasty, this fierce roar resounded in China because of the lack of land to plant.
In the series of Ming and Qing dynasties, there are many characters who have left a particularly deep historical imprint, but I think the best of them is none other than Hong Chengchou, especially after Hong Chengchou's surrender to the Manchus, the consequences are also very huge and full of controversy. First of all, politically, Hong Chengchou and others assisted Dolgon to obtain a series of political benefits, such as Dolgon's entry into the customs and Li Zicheng's competition for the world, and it was after the Han Chen led by Hong Chengchou that strengthened Dolgon's determination. Militarily, Hong Chengchou was very good at dealing with the peasant army, and continued to give advice to the Manchu army, so that the Qing army could continue to gain superiority in the south and finally rely on the Han Qing army to pacify the south. Today, we will review this famous figure in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and walk into his personal development journey to see how he reached the peak of his life step by step.
Hong Chengchou was born in 1593, is a native of Quanzhou, Fujian, the family is very prosperous in the local area, but the Chengchou family is average, his father is a scholar, belongs to the kind of talent who has no power to restrain the chicken, but Chengchou's mother is from a beautiful family, as for how Chengchou's father married such a good daughter-in-law who knows how to know, history does not say, but it can be concluded that if there is no excellent mother, there can be no later Hong Chengchou, because his mother understands the righteousness and influences the brothers of Chengchou from words and deeds. The historical status of Hong Chengchou is very special, and there are controversies both from the perspective of later generations and the era in which he lived at that time. Due to his poor family, Hong Chengchou attended a private school in his childhood, studying with his father and friends, and later, when his mother made tofu at home to subsidize the family, he stopped studying and helped his mother. Every day just dawned, on the burden along the street to sell dried tofu, influenced by his father, Cheng Chou has a calm personality, very fond of reading, during the Ming Dynasty, most of the clans in the village to run a village school, by the local county government and the clan to open together, at this time the Hong family uncle Hong Qiyin is running a school in the village, so by chance to talk to him, found that although he is depressed in poverty but still ambitious, do not forget the ambition of Lingyun, and respectful and humble, not at all like the Hong family brother, so free to accept him as an apprentice, so the youth of Cheng Chou returned to the school. Hong Qiyin is a standard and qualified model of the era of readers, his heart has ideals and always cherishes the family and country, he teaches students to read never stick to the form, to undertake the domain to read a wide range of books, to be an all-rounder who can understand literature and martial arts. And Cheng Chou returned to the school to cherish it even more, and he studied harder than before. A few years later, Cheng Chou went to Quanzhou Chengbei School to continue his studies, where he saw more knowledge, which can really be described as a fish returning to the river and sea, and the dragon and snake took off again.
In 1615, Hong Chengchou participated in the township examination and was promoted. In the following year, he went to Beijing to take the examination, and was awarded the second class 14 in the Bingchen Kedian Examination. Subsequently, the imperial court left him to serve in the Beijing Department, and did not release him, and awarded him the head of the Jiangxi Qing Officials Division of the Criminal Department. Although he was born as a traditional Confucian scholar, he was very flexible thanks to his early teaching experience, so he completed his political affairs perfectly, and was deeply recognized and respected by the imperial court. In 1627, he was promoted to Shaanxi to supervise grain and participate in politics. Entering Shaanxi as a post, he officially began his ups and downs in life, and it was from here that the gears of fate began to turn. In the summer of 1628, a peasant uprising broke out in northern Shaanxi, and it should be noted that this was an ordinary peasant uprising and not an uprising of displaced people by Li Zicheng and others, which is essentially different. Soon after the peasant uprising, all parts of northern Shaanxi responded one after another, and local powerful forces joined one after another, resulting in a huge uprising in northern Shaanxi at the end of the Ming Dynasty. At this time, Yang He, the governor of the three sides of Shaanxi, received an order to suppress and appease at the same time, and the strategy of focusing on appeasement, why is it mainly based on appeasement, and the reason is that he lacks money and no soldiers. Obviously, the peasant army has long seen through the situation in northern Shaanxi, so it does not pay attention to Yang He's appeasement, the king of the people's army directly attacked Hancheng, Yang He was in a hurry after receiving the report, at this time Hong Chengchou was not afraid to put forward the proposal of using prisoners as soldiers, and at the same time transported down with iron cannons on the city wall to gather and use together, the people's army is a rabble will definitely be able to repel them, Yang He saw that this young man said so sure that he simply let him take a few troops to relieve the siege. Hong Chengchou led the troops to arrive after the shilling ordered his subordinates to concentrate the artillery, at this time Wang Zuohang found them so divided the troops to attack, Chengchou waited for the people's army to come to the front immediately fired artillery, for a time the people of the people's army were turned on their backs, because most of the people's army was untrained and had no combat experience, so they were immediately frightened, and they fled in all directions regardless of the leader's obstruction. Cheng Chou relieved the siege of Hancheng, so it became famous, and it can be said that he became a dragon and snake in the face of wind and rain.
In 1630, Hong Chengchou served as the governor of Yansui, and when he heard that Chengchou was the governor, Wang Zuohang came to surrender, but Wang Zuohang just wanted to take the opportunity to take revenge, and Chengchou saw through him and killed him. Hong Chengchou no longer believed in the surrendered peasant army after Wang Zuo's fake surrender, and often killed all of them immediately after obtaining the surrender, because the peasant army was led by the Liukou, so they surrendered and rebelled from time to time, and Hong Chengchou was right to kill and surrender from the overall point of view. Soon the general soldier Du Wenhuan led thousands of men to pursue Zhang Xianzhong, and Hong Chengchou learned about it and cooperated with him to defeat Zhang Xianzhong in Qingjian County. In 1631, Yang He was forced to appease more and more people, wasting a lot of resources in vain, and the peasant army also looked down on the imperial court, so the imperial court deposed Yang He and was soon imprisoned. Yi Chengchou served as the governor of the three sides of Shaanxi. Yang He was imprisoned and died because of Fu, and Cheng Chou naturally learned from the past, and instead went all out to clean up and concentrate his forces to attack the most powerful peasant army. At the beginning of 1632, a peasant army broke through to Qingyang, and after being informed by Chengchou, Chengchou personally went to Qingyang to encircle and suppress with the general soldiers Cao Wenzhao and He Huchen. Then Cao Wenzhao surrounded the Lone Wolf Department in the northwest of the People's Army in Yaozhou, the Lone Wolf surrendered, Cheng Chou immediately ordered someone to behead him, and then searched for the big and small leaders to arrest more than 400 people, and killed all of them, and all the women were given to the soldiers to commit adultery, and the rest of the old, young, sick and weak were all dismissed, and suddenly attacked the old and weak of the dismissed People's Army in the mountains, and threw them all into the ravine. In 1633, the people's army carried out mobile warfare and no longer caused chaos in northern Shaanxi. In the face of the harassment of a small group of rebels, the official army insisted on not fighting, and when confronting Gao Yingxiang, they attacked Gao Yingxiang with superior equipment, and Gao Yingxiang was defeated one after another, so he moved into the mountains.
In 1634, Emperor Chongzhen added the title of Prince Taibao and the Secretary of the Military Department, and served as the governor of the three sides, and at the same time supervised the military affairs of Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Huguang and Sichuan. He became the largest and most important military commander of the imperial court to suppress the peasant uprising. Then Chengchou immediately transferred the surrounding armies into Shaanxi to prepare for the encirclement and suppression of the most serious uprising in northern Shaanxi, at this moment Gao Yingxiang and Li Zicheng's troops have reached more than 200,000, the force is very huge, Hong Chengchou for the general soldier He Renlong, Zuo Guangxian deployed bronze cannons, each artillery reached more than 100 units, the amount of ammunition is very sufficient, so the two front and rear attack Gao Yingxiang, the high department can not hold on, break through the east, turn into Lingbao, worship water. In the following year, Hong Chengchou personally led the main force of tens of thousands with more than 300 artillery pieces to the east of Tongguan, and held a meeting in Xinyang, preparing to dispatch the army to encircle and suppress the rebel army. But after the news was detected by the peasant army, the peasant army immediately planned to return to Shaanxi, Hong Chengchou saw that the rebel army began to seize the road and wanted to flee back to Shaanxi, and immediately arranged for the generals to pursue separately, among which Cao Wenzhao set up a battle formation in Ningzhou, and his subordinate vanguard Cao Bianjiao (Cao Wenzhao's nephew) defeated the peasant army for the first time in Hutou Town, the two sides shot at each other across the trench wall, the quality of the official army's firearms was better, the peasant arms were less, and the quality was not good, so the peasant army planned to launch a charge regardless of the first, and finally the peasant army came to the trench wall by virtue of the numerical advantage, The peasant army held up the spear under the wall and the officers and soldiers on the wall were in short contact, but the wall was about 2 meters high, the peasant army was just able to raise the spear and poke the officers and soldiers, the faces of both sides were particularly clear, the officers and soldiers then threw the iron thistle under the wall, the peasant army suffered a lot of casualties but still did not retreat, several times the ants climbed the wall, at this time the officers and soldiers directly ignited the gunpowder and threw it into the enemy group, in a burst of rumbling, the peasant army was blown up flesh and blood, the peasant army could no longer hold on, and then collapsed. Seeing that the peasant army was defeated and retreating, Cao Wenzhao immediately ordered the whole army to pursue, but was ambushed halfway, and the peasant army surrounded Cao Wenzhao and a dozen of his own soldiers to attack continuously, and finally the official army was scattered and routed, and Cao Wenzhao killed himself. His nephew Cao Bianjiao cleaned up the rout, returned to Hong Chengchou, Chengchou lost the general, his heart was sad, and he wrote to the court, saying that his management of the territory was too wide, and he could not take into account it comprehensively, and the court thought that he could divide several places in others, so he took Lu Xiangsheng as the prime minister of Jiangbei, the Central Plains, Chuanhu and other seven provinces of military affairs, and managed the Ming army outside the Guan, and the Ming army in the Guannei was managed by Chengchou. Soon the Qing army entered the fortress, plundered the Central Plains, broke through more than 10 cities in Changping around the Beijing Division, Emperor Chongzhen urgently transferred Lu Xiangsheng to lead the army to defend the Beijing Division, as a result, Lu Xiangsheng was suspected by Chongzhen because of disagreement with others, the battle was not smooth, and Chongzhen was suspicious, so Lu Xiangsheng led a small number of troops to pursue the Qing army and was killed in battle, Lu Xiangsheng died, and the rebel army in the Central Plains took the opportunity to recover, and then Emperor Chongzhen appointed Xiong Wencan to replace Lu Xiangsheng, and organized a new encirclement and suppression battle, and then the peasant army suffered heavy losses under Yang Sichang's "Heaven and Earth Net", Li Zicheng was also ambushed by Hong Chengchou when he returned to Shaanxi. The rebel armies in various places were basically surrendered, and the situation of the uprising was in a difficult situation. In 1638, the Qing army invaded again from outside the Guan, Emperor Chongzhen transferred Hong Chengchou into the guard, in the first month of 1639, Chengchou was appointed as the secretary of the military department, the governor Ji Liao, in October, Cao Bianjiao was ordered by Chengchou to attack Li Zicheng in Guanyuan, Li Zicheng was completely defeated, only led more than ten cavalry to flee.
In 1640, the Qing army planned to besiege Jinzhou in Tuntian, Yizhou, and Emperor Chongzhen was always concerned about the military of Liaodong, and he immediately ordered Hong Chengchou to deal with this matter. After analysis, Hong Chengchou formulated the strategy of setting up Songshan and Xingshan camps to protect the horns, and then Wu Sangui and Liu Zhaoji each led 10,000 Ming troops to live in Songshan and Xingshan, and at the same time used 15,400 of his own subordinates to go out of the town in the front guard, between the middle and rear posts, and 16,000 officers and troops stationed in Jiji still lived in the same place. The military department agreed with this strategy, and then Hong Chengchou went out of the pass in May and led a large army to confront the Qing army. At the beginning of the next year, Hong inspected the Songshan camp, found that the troops were less than 10,000, too thin, so he asked for support, soon the Qing army offensive became more and more fierce, the situation became more and more severe, the outer city of Jinzhou fell, Hong Chengchou took the initiative to attack, led the army to the vicinity of Songshan, and the result was encountered with the Qing army, the two sides immediately launched a fierce battle, Hong Chengchou sat in the Chinese army, and the Ming army also fought bravely, and finally repelled the Qing army. After that, the Ming army held its position, slowly advancing, slowly approaching Jinzhou, but the new Shangshu Chen Xinjia of the Ministry of War thought that Hong Chengchou was too slow to act, and the daily consumption of grain and grass was too huge, so he sent his subordinates to the front line to urge the attack, in July, Emperor Chongzhen also began to urge Hong Chengchou to fight quickly, Hong Chengchou had no choice but to swear in Ningyuan at the end of July, and led his subordinates under the Xuanfu General Yang Guozhu Department, Datong General Soldier Wang Pu Department, Shanhaiguan General Soldier Ma Ke Department, Miyun General Army Tang Tong Department, Ningyuan General Army Wu Sangui Department, Liaodong General Army Wang Tingchen Department, The total number of troops of the four roads of the East Association Cao Bianjiao, the reinforcement of the general army Bai Guangen, a total of 130,000 troops advanced to find the decisive battle of the Qing army, of which 60,000 people were personally commanded by him to set off first, three days later, Hong Chengchou arrived in Songshan City, the two sides began to fight, the Qing army besieging Jinzhou in order to make Jinzhou a bird can not fly into Jinzhou City, dig deep trenches, set up wooden fences, civil fortifications set up directly to Jinzhou City, Wu Sangui bravely led the army straight to the Qing army, the Qing army was defeated, heavy casualties, in mid-August, the Ming army arrived in Songshan one after another, Emperor Taiji of the Qing Dynasty learned that the main force of the Ming army had arrived in Jinzhou. Impatient, so regardless of the physical discomfort of the head personally led 120,000 elites from Shengjing to help 500 miles to the front line in a day and night, the Qing army arrived and deployed in the south of the Ming army, Hong Chengchou saw this situation and advocated a decisive battle, and the general soldiers thought that they should retreat south first to avoid a decisive battle with the main force of the Qing army, but Hong Chengchou did not go to the various departments and then fought with the main force of the Qing army in a small-scale battle with each other. Huang Taiji climbed the hill ** Ming army formation, and found that Hong Chengchou arranged the infantry and cavalry to form a very tight line, and couldn't help but sigh and said, "Everyone says that Hong Chengchou is good at using soldiers, and he really deserves his name." At this time, he saw that the Ming army was approaching the meal, and there was a lot of commotion in the rear team, and found that most of the rear team were weak troops in the Ming army, so he was ecstatic in his heart, and said happily, "The Ming army has the right to the front but no rear guard, and it can break them." Huang Taiji immediately ordered the Qing army to dig eight feet of the ditch three ways, the ditch is eight feet deep, one zhang and two feet wide, and only one toe is allowed at the bottom, thus cutting off the connection between the front team and the rear team of the Ming army, the Ming army saw this situation, there was a little chaos, but the Ming army had a lot of firearms, and the number of people was almost the same as that of the Qing army, so it was still able to insist. Soon it was learned that the Qing army had attacked the Ming army's grain and grass camp on Beacon Mountain, and the various departments were even more panicked, and the soldiers at all levels talked to each other, and the generals did not know how to stop it, and the defeat of the Ming army was highlighted. The generals and the ministers of the overseers all asked to retreat to Ningyuan, but Hong Chengchou came with great ambition but had to retreat because the Qing army was attacking fiercely and could not unify the internal goal. Hong Chengchou had no choice but to order the general troops to break out and return to Ningyuan tomorrow in two ways, but Huang Taiji had long known the temper of the Ming army, and knew that once they knew about the breakthrough, they would definitely act in advance to avoid becoming the queen of the palace, so Huang Taiji set up many ambushes on the road that must be passed, waiting for the Ming army to take the bait. Sure enough, as soon as Wang Pu, the commander of Datong, returned to the headquarters camp, he immediately ordered to break through by night. As a result, the night was too thick to see, Wang Pu's Ming army ran for a long time and returned to the Ming army camp, the Ming army did not know whether it was friend or foe in the night, eager to shoot, the two sides immediately chaotic, the infantry and cavalry mixed together and could not be separated, more than 100,000 people of the Ming army shouted loudly in the night, the originally silent night was immediately ignited, and the noise mixed with the crying and shouting of the soldiers became their doomsday tragedy. Seeing this, Hong Chengchou had no choice but to order all the troops to scatter and flee for their lives. Wang Pu, Wu Sangui, Ma Ke and others fled into Tashan City and Xingshan City respectively, and Hong Chengchou failed to escape, had to be trapped in Songshan City, half a year later Songshan City grain and grass dried up, traitors plotted to surrender, February 18, 1642, the Qing army entered Songshan, the general soldier Cao Bianjiao and other three general soldiers were killed, Hong Chengchou was captured. More than 100,000 Ming troops who rescued Jinzhou came to naught, and the ancestors in Jinzhou City could not support it, and surrendered in early March, the Battle of Songjin ended, and the Qing army won a great victory. The Battle of Songjin is a famous battle in the history of the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Ming army fought very bravely, and Hong Chengchou's strategy was very effective, but the problem was that the Ming Dynasty was tired for a long time, and the financial resources were stretched thin, and it could not support the protracted battle. At the same time, the officials of the Ming Dynasty poured into each other, and people were superficial, so failure was inevitable. On the other hand, in the Qing Dynasty, the monarchs and ministers were united, united in their hearts, and determined to win.
Hong Chengchou, as a well-known general inside and outside the Guan, Huang Taiji had heard of him for a long time, especially after seeing his arrangement, he thought that he had a certain talent, so for his survival, Huang Taiji advocated surrender. After Chengchou was captured, the generals of the Qing army visited him accordingly and proposed that he be surrendered. But Cheng Chou believes that he is favored by the emperor, and the family has always been a family tradition of serving the country and being loyal to the king. If he submits, the family will be disgraced, and at the same time, he has always regarded himself as a famous advisor and warrior in ancient times, so he thinks that finding the right time to surrender is not a waste of his own talents. In fact, it is also a waiting price to sell. Huang Taiji is eloquent and strategic, and he is a rare founding monarch, and when he saw that Chengchou refused to surrender, he admired it even more. So Fan Wencheng, a scholar of the Ministry of Shangshu, went to persuade him to surrender, Fan Wencheng deliberately did not mention the matter of surrender, but chatted with Cheng Chou about family life, at this time the dust fell on the beam and fell on Cheng Chou's shoulder, Cheng Chou cherished his clothes and immediately bounced the dust off. Fan Wencheng said goodbye quietly, and immediately replied after seeing Huang Taiji, "Cheng Chou cherishes fame and fortune, and cherishes the roe deer, not to mention his own body!" ”。Huang Taiji heard that the next day, Huang Taiji personally met Cheng Chou, in Chinese shh Hong Chengchou was deeply moved, thinking that the time was ripe for surrender, so his tone was slightly relaxed, and Huang Taiji immediately understood when he saw this situation. On the fifth day of the fifth month of May, Hong Chengchou, Zu Dashou and others officially held a surrender ceremony and knelt down to Huang Taiji. At that time, the escaped Ming prisoners of war told Wu Sangui that the Qing army had executed Hong Chengchou, Wu Sangui summed up the battle report, and Emperor Chongzhen received the report so on April 12 ordered to praise Hong Chengchou, and soon set up an altar in Chaotian Palace, ready to cry and sacrifice in person. In order to express his affection, Emperor Chongzhen wept bitterly, saying that he had never saved Chengchou. At this time, because there was no definite information to prove the martyrdom of Chengchou, the information that the minister Wang Xigon reminded these ministers may not be very accurate.
Hong Chengchou, the most relied on commander of the Ming Dynasty, surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, and Chengchou was courteous to the Qing Dynasty, but his precautions against him were not relaxed. In 1644, Dolgon led more than 100,000 Eight Banner troops south to the Central Plains, because he was not familiar with Li Zicheng, so he was very hesitant to go south or not, but Hong Chengchou advocated going south to compete with Li Zicheng for the world, and finally under the strong advice of Hanchen, Dolgon made up his mind. After entering the customs, Emperor Shunzhi attached great importance to Chengchou and awarded him the title of scholar of the Secretariat, becoming the first Han prime minister of the Qing Dynasty. In 1645, Emperor Hongguang of the Ming Dynasty was captured, the city of Nanjing was broken, and the Ming Dynasty fell, and Dolgon ordered the shaving of his hair. As a result, it was met with large-scale resistance from the people of Jiangnan, and after Dolgon's consideration, he handled the matter with Hong Chengchou, and appointed him as a military scholar to appease the governor of the south, and handled the affairs of the Jiangnan thieves. Later, due to the death of his father, Hong Chengchou returned to his hometown to guard the system, and returned to Beijing after the mourning period. In 1652, Hong Chengchou's mother was mourned, and he was ordered to live in private and be on duty as usual. In addition, talk about his mother, many history books say that she learned that her son did not eat or drink after the Qing Dynasty, in order to show that she did not agree, and there is also a legendary story of Hong's mother scolding her son, I think this is just a far-fetched future generations, and it should not be true. But it is undeniable that Hong Chengchou is the most dazzling star in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and it is thanks to the teaching of this mother that Hong Chengchou later came about.
In 1653, the remnants of the Ming Dynasty continued to fight against the Qing army in the southwest, and Hong Chengchou, who was in his 60s, was appointed governor of the five provinces, specializing in thieves. Before leaving, Emperor Shunzhi personally practiced it and gave the BMW monk a sword. In 1659, in August, Hong Chengchou requested to return to Beijing for retirement due to old age and frailty, and suffered from eye disease, and soon Emperor Shunzhi approved the dismissal and returned to Beijing. In 1661, the scholar Hong Chengchou requested Zhishi in May of that year, and after several discussions in the imperial court, the Council of Ministers finally granted the rank of third-class lieutenant of the light car, which can be inherited from the fourth. In 1665, in February of the fourth year of Kangxi, Hong Chengchou died of illness at the age of seventy-three.
Hong Chengchou is a very famous figure in the Ming and Qing dynasties, his survival is very important to the Ming Dynasty, and his surrender to the Qing Dynasty is the biggest controversy in his life, but in any case, Hong Chengchou left his highlight moment on the stage of history, and it is also very awakening to future generations.