In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, the system of knighthood with different surnames was very important, mainly according to the noble lineage of the ancestors, the time of attachment, and the size of the merit. According to this criterion, the Mongolian region can be divided into Inner and Outer Zasak.
Mongolian titles vary according to their regions and customs, and are roughly similar to clan titles, including Khan (only descendants of the ** family can be named Khan), princes, county kings, beylers, beizi, zhenguo dukes, auxiliary guo dukes and taiji, etc.
The system of different surnames began in the Taizu period, and after the reform and improvement of the Taizong Dynasty, a relatively complete system was formed in the Shunzhi Dynasty. In the fifth year of the Mandate of Heaven, Nurhachi created the Manchurian "Shizhi" system with reference to the Ming Dynasty system, and according to the merits and rankings of the heroes, the general military officers were divided into three classes, and the same was true for deputy generals, staff generals, guerrilla officers, etc., and all Niu Lu was really prepared.
The origin of the Qing Dynasty's system of different surnames can be traced back to ancient times, and the system is divided into five classes from top to bottom, such as chief military officers, deputy generals, staff generals, guerrilla and reserve royals, of which the first four are divided into three classes, a total of ten**.
Although these titles were hereditary, at the time there were no clear boundaries between them and official positions, and were only used to indicate the hierarchical status of individuals. In the eighth year of Tiancong, Huang Taiji adjusted his position, renamed the chief military officer as the first-class duke, the deputy general as Meler Zhangjing, the staff general as Jiala Zhangjing, the guerrilla as the third-class Jialazhangjing, and the reserve as Niulu Zhangjing.
Although there have been changes in the name and name, it is still difficult to distinguish between the rank of the world and the **, and the phenomenon of the unity of the knighthood still exists. It was only during the Shunzhi period that the knighthood system tended to be perfected, marking the final separation of military attachés and knighthoods.
In the later period of Huang Taiji, the knighthood was divided into fifteen levels, such as Gong, Angbang Zhangjing, Melle Zhangjing, Jiala Zhangjing, Niulu Zhangjing and Half Zhangjing.
The Evolution of the Title System in the Qing Dynasty In the early Qing Dynasty, titles below the rank of Duke were divided into marquis and earl. In the Shunzhi Dynasty, in order to distinguish it from the mixed and mixed titles of Taizu and Taizong, the Ministry of Rites agreed to change the name of the original title, such as Aung Bang Zhangjing changed to Jingqi Nihafan, and Melle Zhangjing changed to Ashani Hafan.
Although it was only a name change, this marked the complete separation of the title from the official position in the imperial court, and since then there has been a clear distinction between the title and the official position. During the Qianlong Dynasty, the system of different surnames was finalized.
Soon after Emperor Qianlong ascended the throne, he began to make a large-scale adjustment of the titles with different surnames. After approval, the Jingqi Nihafan and the following Shijue Qingwen were changed to Chinese, such as.
The first, second, and third class Jingqi Nihafan was changed.
First, second, third class, first, second, third class Ashani fan changed to.
First, second, third-class male, etc.
This reform made the system of different surnames more perfect and stable, and also promoted the integration of Manchu and Han cultures.
In the sixteenth year of Qianlong, the Qing Dynasty's Shijue system was gradually perfected and became customized, with a total of nine levels and twenty-seven levels. The establishment of these lords is mainly to commend and reward meritorious people.
The meritorious knighthood system of the Qing Dynasty mainly adopted the five-rank knighthood system, that is, duke, marquis, uncle, son, and male, and also combined with the titles of the Tang and Song dynasties, such as the light car captain, the cavalry captain, the cloud cavalry lieutenant, and the en cavalry lieutenant.
The emergence of the knighthood system of meritorious heroes in the Qing Dynasty is a fusion of the titles and titles of the previous generations. There are five ways to obtain a title with a different surname: one is to reward ministers with military merits; the second is to reward the meritorious ministers who are loyal to the country; the third is to give favor to the emperor's relatives and relatives; the fourth is to glorify the Yan Shenggong; Fifth, the generals who died on the battlefield were prepared.
In general, the system of knighthood of meritorious heroes in the Qing Dynasty is not only a commendation of meritorious heroes, but also the inheritance and development of the previous generation system.
Despite being a civil servant, he can still be knighted, and there have long been examples of civil servants giving knighthoods. For example, in the eighteenth year of Shunzhi, the university scholar Hong Chengchou asked for retirement, and Emperor Shunzhi granted him the hereditary position of third-class light car lieutenant and allowed him to be hereditary four times.
However, it should be noted that in the early Qing Dynasty, most of the civil servants who obtained the title were Manchu and Mongolian nobles, and Zhang Tingyu and Jiang Tingxi began to obtain the title as Han Chinese civil servants in the eighth year of Yongzheng.
Knighthood is not only a symbol of power and status, but also a commemoration of the achievements of the past. Therefore, the determination of the heir is extremely strict, and it must be inherited by the eldest descendant first, if not, by the second descendant, if there is none, by the eldest descendant, and finally if not, by the younger nephew.