Revered by the NazisBlack Aryans, defeat Makqin with a spear, Deyears of guerrilla.
In the history of mankind, the machine gun has been hailed as the first to change history, and it has crushed the heroic resistance of thousands of natives in battle after battle. According to The Social History of Machine Guns, only a handful of white marauders and dreamers, even civilians and soldiers, could taunt Africans' resistance and impose the rules they had set on the continent simply by having machine guns, the most efficient infantry killing** ever made by man at the time.
The coming and going of the nomads like the wind and the numerical courage of the indigenous Africans, became insignificant in the face of machine guns. But the courage of the natives is not without effect, and in a single battle, even the natives, armed only with spears and shields, with their courage, discipline and wisdom, can defeat the invaders.
That was the battle that took place on August 17, 1891, in the Iringa region of Tanzania against the German colonizers. It was a great battle that proved the victory of courage and wisdom over the aggressor.
The Maxim heavy machine gun in 1895 witnessed the historical changes of the Hehe people. This hill tribe, once unknown in the Iringa region of south-central Tanzania, lives in a relatively closed and barren area of sub-Saharan Africa, a less civilized land.
The poor soil, the difficulty of storing water, the low nutrient content, the poor fertility and the long dry season make it difficult to form large-scale political organizations here. However, in the first half of the 19th century, this mountain range and plateau was inhabited by about 15 separate small clans, some of which were ruled by hereditary families whose members recognized each other as equal status and lived in relative peace and isolation.
It was not until the Great Migration of African Peoples and the large-scale invasion of European colonizers that the lives of the Hehe people changed dramatically.
The large-scale migration of peoples in African history was triggered by the rise of the Zulu king Shaka in Tanzania. The tribes defeated by the Zulu kingdom, as well as the Zulu vassals who could not stand the brutal and tyrannical militaristic system of Shaka, migrated north.
These migrants brought the classical militaristic institutions, tactics, and training tactics that Shaka had developed to the north, so they were unstoppable, destroying many indigenous regimes along the way, until the migrants' advance was directed towards Tanzania.
The Hehe tribe survived and grew as a result of the Zulu military influence, and the Municuba chieftain established a system of "citizen soldiers" by learning Zulu military techniques, whereby all tribal members, regardless of status, were sent to the ruling center to serve and receive new names and attire as a sign of allegiance to the Grand Chief.
This system greatly increased the fighting power of the Hehe tribe, and Muniguba succeeded in establishing his own rule, naming his tribe after the war cry "Hehe".
The warriors used Zulu-taught spears and shields in fierce melee combat, with veterans at the front, newcomers at the back, chiefs and elites at the center, and the oldest veteran unit at the rear.
Despite the bloodthirsty murderous nature of the Zulu king Shaka, the great chieftain Muniguba had a "clan age": although the captives were treated as slaves, the children born to the captives were free men, and the descendants of the slaves and captives could also improve their status through military exploits, so many slaves and the sons of slaves were even willing to fight against their native tribes for the sake of the Hehe.
The Hehe quickly unified the region by building a new, aggressive army, and then began to invade the rest of Tanzania. They plundered Arab caravans, forcing Arab merchants to retreat into cities, and then went to war with the indigenous Sangu people of Tanzania and the Ngoni descended from the Zulu invaders from South Africa.
Although the Sangu and Ngoni had taught the Hehe people military techniques, the "more barbaric and rugged" Muniguba turned around and defeated their teacher, the Sangons, forcing them to build a "largest stone fortress in East Africa" in the Mbeya region of present-day Tanzania in an attempt to protect themselves.
The battle between the Ngoni and the Hehe did not go well, and although the Ngoni had mastered the more advanced military technology introduced from South Africa, the Hehe were significantly sharper, and the two sides were at loggerheads for a while.
However, when the great chieftain Muniguba died, great civil strife broke out in the tribe. His brother-in-law, Mkwawa, a slave from the skilled Tanzanian-Nyamvizi tribe, succeeded in seizing the chieftain and becoming the brother of Muniguba.
But Mkwawa's triumph did not last long, as his son, 23-year-old Mkwawa, quickly returned with his army, defeated his uncle, and became the next chief of the Hehe tribe.
Mkwawa was described as a ruler who was "athletic, agile, and clever", and although he was the leader of his clan, he quickly set about reforming the political system of the Hehe tribe to adapt to the new situation.
Mkwawa, the political and military leader of the Hehe people, has won widespread support and adoration for his unique way of management. He married the daughter of a prominent indigenous chieftain and paid homage to the graves of famous local "legendary heroes", and not only succeeded in political, war, and religious affairs, but also won the continuous expansion of his territory.
In the face of his expanding territory, Mkwawa moved away from purely tribal clan management and instead adopted the practice of fiefdoming subordinate rulers, who were formerly independent chiefs or relatives, relatives and loyal servants of Mkwawa, or prominent warriors in southwestern Tanzania.
The most loyal and capable of these subordinates would be assigned to the most critical frontier areas by Mkwawa, where they would be granted land administration rights in exchange for their loyalty, allowing them to maintain order, adjudicate disputes, inform important chieftains, and gather manpower and material resources for public works and warfare.
Mkwawa gathered his loyal servants and servants in his "capital" of Kalunga, as well as young men recruited from villages to come to the capital for "intensive training".
Mkwawa also kept a number of hereditary slaves to perform tasks that met the personal needs of the chiefs, such as herding the chief's mounts and sorting the chief's grain, and these people enjoyed even more privileges than the average tribal clan member, enjoying the status of chieftain's kin.
As the political and military leader of the Hehe people, Mkwawa is capable of fighting well. He would send spies a few days in advance to survey neighboring ethnic groups and caravan routes, and then send scouts to conduct a fire reconnaissance.
Although the Hehe lacked firearms, most of them only had spears and shields, and their opponents, the Sangu people, already had firearms introduced by the colonists, European colonists who witnessed the Hehe wars said that the Hehe warriors were extremely good warriors because they were trained to practice spears and javelins in hunting and peacetime, and that they had an advantage against the black natives who used firearms.
Although Mkwawa had long recognized the value of firearms, every time a gun was seized, he would save it and give it to his most important fighters. Overall, Mkwawa, with his superior leadership and unique style of management, has succeeded in consolidating the territory of the Hekh people and has made notable achievements in political, war, and religious affairs.
Mkwawa: Bringing Farming and War Together Mkwawa, a war leader of the Hehe ethnic group in sub-Saharan Africa, knows that "farming and war are equally important."
Despite the poor environment in the Hehe region, Mkwawa emphasized production, conquered more fertile land, and stockpiled large quantities of food in the capital for emergencies.
This strategy earned Mkwawa high prestige, allowing him to control almost all of the loot and ivory** in the region, and to reward his loyal subjects and subordinates with the profits.
Mkwawa's idea of rule also influenced his clan. It is recorded that the warriors and nobles of the Hehe people liked to wrap long strips of cloth around their bodies, and this new custom can be said to be a convergent evolution of human history.
If Mkwawa had been born thousands of years ago in Eurasia, he would probably have made a good ruler. However, in the 19th century, he did these things in this era, "too late".
In 1881-1890, Mkwawa reached a truce with the Ngonis, agreeing not to fight again "until their sons grow up" and driving the Sangu people from the plains to their mountain fortresses.
Continuing his father's conquest business, Mkwawa marched along the coast of the Indian Ocean to the east, defeating and driving out many tribes. However, the German colonizers also established their sphere of influence in East Africa and made their way into the interior.
The Hehe began to attack the indigenous tribes of Africa who traded with the Germans, and the Germans began to build bunkers in the Hehe-controlled areas. Both the Hehe and the Germans were aware of each other's reputations and deeds, but were ignorant of each other's true strength and intentions.
The expansion and raids of the Hekhs became an obstacle to the effective German control of the territory of "German East Africa", and the German colonists also hindered the further expansion of the Hehes.
In 1890, the Hehe entered into a peace negotiation with the German Governor-General of East Africa, and although a peace agreement was reached, the Germans did not agree to the Hehe's demand for the purchase of German-made ** and ammunition.
However, only a year later, Germany sent an expeditionary force to march into the region under the banner of quelling the Ngoni rebellion. The commander of this expeditionary force was Zelewski, who led a typical Schutztruppe battalion consisting of European officers and the indigenous African militia "Ascarites".
The battalion consisted of three companies with 13 European officers, 320 Askari militiamen and 170 civilians, and was also armed with two Maxim heavy machine gun groups and three light field guns.
The latest news from Zelewski.
Zelewski was an Askari fighter who fought in the suppression of the Abu Shiri uprising against German colonial rule in the northern coastal region of Tanzania.
He earned the nickname "Iron Hammer" in the indigenous language for his outstanding combat prowess. However, he adopted a scorched earth policy, under the pretext of lack of food, he broke into the Hehe area to burn and loot, and demanded that the leader of the Hehe people, Mkwawa, "send a bag of dirt", but only received an arrow.
Zelewski even "fired at a fortified Hekh village with 20 shells and 850 Makqin machine-gun rounds." With the intelligence support of Arab guides, the German expeditionary force decided to attack Karanga, the capital of the Hekhs.
However, in one battle, a large number of Hehe men armed with spears and shields rushed out to attack the German invaders, deciding the outcome of the battle. The German expeditionary force was crushed under the attack of spears, and suffered heavy losses, including 10 German officers, 200 indigenous auxiliaries and 96 people, and the equipment was also discarded, and the expeditionary force completely lost its combat effectiveness.
Although the Germans claimed that the Hehe had mobilized 3,000 men, they clearly controlled the battlefield and burned a large number of immobile German wounded. The battle cost the German colonists dearly.
When news of the defeat reached the shores of the German colonies, people began to panic. In order to appease the population, the Germans had to send troops, and they turned to French missionaries for help in negotiating peace with the Hehe.
The French priest made great efforts to get in touch with the Hekhs and assured them that the Germans were only trying to make peace. However, the Germans re-established the bunkers in the Hehe-controlled area, which made the Hehe lose faith in peace.
They attacked and nearly annihilated a large pro-German caravan, and also collected tributes on the coast of East Africa and on the routes of the caravans passing through their spheres of influence. In 1893, Mkwawa launched an expedition that dealt a heavy blow to the pro-German indigenous tribes of Africa, many of whom were afraid to cooperate with the Germans again for fear of "misfortune".
In order to solve the threat once and for all, Germany again sent an expeditionary force in 1894, led by Colonel Fregel von Scherer, with three Ascari companies and some field artillery.
After steep valleys and cliffs, the German team arrived at Kalunga, the capital of the country. The Kalunga Fort was originally a huge wooden fence built between the Ruaha River to ensure an adequate water supply.
Later, Mkwawa sent an officer to the coast to study the Arab fortifications, after which Mkwawa ordered the capital to be rebuilt with stone and called it the "City of Elephants".
At this time, the Karanga fortress consisted of a circumference of about 3 kilometers, a height of 3 meters, and a thickness of 1Protected by a 3-meter stone wall, every house in the city was specially prepared for defense, with shooting holes and reinforced walls, allowing the defenders to shoot from hidden positions on the rooftops and doorways.
Mkwawa also placed two Makqin machine guns captured in 1891 in the city, but unfortunately the Hehe people did not know how to use this new firearm, and only 100 of the captured 300 German rifles were distributed by Mkwawa, and the remaining 200 were still in the custody of the chief.
For two days in a row, the German artillery of the colonial army of East Africa carried out a fierce assault on the Kalunga fortress. On October 30, 1894, the German commandos successfully climbed over the city walls and engaged in fierce house-to-house battles with the Hehe.
It is rumored that the two sides engaged in hand-to-hand combat for several hours, with the German Expeditionary Force **41 men, while the ** of the Hehe people was about 150 people. After the battle, most of the fighters followed Mkwawa and evacuated the capital city of Karenga.
After the Germans captured Karenga, they carried out a large-scale arson operation in the city, and captured 1,500 women and children, as well as a large number of ***, as well as more than 2,000 cattle and more than 5,000 small livestock.
The story of Mkwawa's resistance: After 7 years of resistance against Germany, the colonizers' scorched earth policy destroyed agriculture, but the legend of Mkwawa remains. In 1918, at the end of World War I, the indigenous people of Tanzania, who were allies of the United Kingdom, demanded that Germany return Mkwawa's head, which is still in Tanzania's museum and symbolizes the immortal spirit of the national hero.
A history that is laughable and laughable: the skull of the chief of Mkwawa became an object of adoration for the Germans. During Nazi rule, some racists believed that it was impossible for black Africans to defeat the Aryans, but the victory of Mkwawa could not be ignored.
As a result, the Hekhs were transformed into a "master race" and in some Nazi ethnologies even surpassed the whites. This absurdity is beyond comment.
The Nazis regarded the supreme "Black Aryans" – a view based on Mkwawa and the Hehe Wars, A General History of Africa, The Hehe-Bena-Sangu Peoples of East Africa, A German Rifle Casing and Chief Mkwawa of the Wahehe: The Colonial and Post-colonial significance of Mlambalasi rockshelter, iringa region, tanzania", "The War Trumpets and Other Mistakes in the History of the Hehe".
This article is original by the Cold Weapons Research Institute, written by the editor-in-chief Yuan Kuo and the author Xibing Daqin Haibo, without written permission, any ** shall not be copied or**, otherwise legal responsibility will be pursued.
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