Why did Zhuge Liang fail in the Northern Expedition? What did Liu Bei say to him when he was lonely?

Mondo History Updated on 2024-02-28

Those who are familiar with the history of the Three Kingdoms actually know that when Liu Bei's army was defeated and Yiling, Shu Han was in fact equivalent to being sentenced to "death". And Zhuge Liang's role is nothing more than greatly delaying the process of the demise of Shu Han, not because of Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition, which led to the final demise of Shu Han - Zhuge Liang can't carry this pot, and at the same time he can't bear it at all.

For example, after Liu Bei's defeat in Yiling, many people despised Cao Pi and thought that he should take the opportunity to overthrow Shu Han. If so, the three kingdoms will be unified in advance. As a result, Cao Pi stalked his neck and beat Sun Quan - this IQ is simply miserable. But is that the case? Not at all!

Because for Cao Pilai, Shu Han has been struggling after the defeat of Yiling, and now he only needs to solve Sun Quan, a dying Shu Han, even if you give him two more Liu Bei and eight Zhuge Liang, he can't make waves!

This inference was later corroborated, after Liu Bei's death, Wang Lang, Chen Qun and other Cao Wei cattle wrote to Zhuge Liang one after another, saying: It's not that Zhuge Liang is incompetent, but that Liu Bei lost too badly, admit defeat, don't be ashamed. Come to us Cao Wei, we promise that your treatment will only be better!

Combining this information, one can draw a very clear conclusion: almost no one was looking at Shu Han at that time! So, why is Zhuge Liang so high in history? It was he who brought the scrap copper and rotten iron of Shu Han directly to the existence of a king, and beat the powerful Cao Wei, who had to accept "women's clothes (Sima Yi)".

At the same time, before Liu Bei died, he also knew very well that the current Shu Han had reached the brink of life and death. Therefore, his support is unusual. Generally speaking, it is to explain three things, but the most important thing is that there is an unspeakable hidden behind each thing. So, what are the three things?

First things first: you can take it yourself

In Liu Beituogu, this first incident is the most famous, and at the same time the most controversial. One side thinks this is a good story of the monarch and the minister, but the other side thinks that this is Liu Bei's hypocritical temptation, Kangxi holds this view, he thinks Liu Bei".With deceit, despicable

That is, Liu Bei is hypocritical and cunning, and he tested Zhuge Liang's loyalty before he died, which is really contemptible! Combined with the contradiction between Kangxi and Aobai, it is not surprising that he has this view. After all, no matter how good a person is, he will also be affected by the historical environment in which he lives, and there are limitations. Therefore, the discussion continued, focusing only on why Liu Bei dared to be so lonely.

First: This kind of trust, in the Three Kingdoms period, Liu Bei was not the first, it was Sun Ce who took the lead in playing. Before he died, he said to Zhang Zhao:If Zhongmou (Sun Quan) does not do anything, you will take it yourself. (from "Three Kingdoms").

Liu Bei was the second to say the phrase "you can take it yourself". The so-called: there is a car in front and a rut in the back. Before Liu Bei died, the situation in Shu Han was even worse than when Sun Ce died, and there was nothing strange about Liu Bei saying this, because Zhang Zhao refused.

It must be known that Zhuge Liang's elder brother Zhuge Jin has been working for Eastern Wu, and Zhuge Liang must be clear about this matter, and Zhuge Liang naturally refuses. So this first thing really has little to do with Liu Bei's hypocrisy or not, it is just a special way to deal with the crisis - a person who does not change his color at the top of Mount Tai, if a big tiger appears behind him, he will definitely flee regardless of the image, a reason.

Second: It's a little bit dark. At that time, Liu Bei entrusted a total of two people, one was Zhuge Liang, and the other was Li Yan, the reason why he only said this to Zhuge Liang, in addition to Zhuge Liang being more reliable and trustworthy, but also because Zhuge Liang at that time had no descendants.

Four years after Liu Bei's death, Zhuge Liang's eldest son Zhuge Zhan was born. Therefore, for Liu Bei at that time, it meant that Zhuge Liang would not usurp power at all, because even if he usurped, it would be useless. Cao Cao's father and son worked hard for two generations, and only then did they overthrow the Han Dynasty. Sima Yi's grandfather and grandson succeeded him for three generations, and this led to the defeat of Cao Wei.

And whether it is Cao Cao or Sima Yi, they have had sons for a long time. Therefore, Cao Cao dared to say: I am the king of Zhou Wen. Sima Yi was about to enter the coffin, and he dared to fight for his life, all because behind them was the life of a large family. On the other hand, Zhuge Liang at that time did not have this situation. So this leads to the second thing that Liu Bei confessed before he died.

The second thing: Liu Chan recognized his father

Since Zhuge Liang doesn't take it and has no descendants, let's change the way and let Zhuge Liang realize it all. This is Liu Chan's recognition of Zhuge Liang as his father. While perfectly solving the first thing, it also achieves the effect of "you can take it yourself". That is, Zhuge Liang represents Shu Han - although Shu Han nominally belongs to Liu Chan, it is actually Zhuge Liang's!

In this matter, Liu Bei also did a very beautiful and perfect job. If after Liu Bei's death, when Zhuge Liang received letters from Wang Lang, Chen Qun and others, he wanted to surrender to Cao Wei. Let's not discuss whether it can be realized, just say that if Zhuge Liang really does this, then who will be responsible for the demise of Shu Han? There is no doubt that it is Zhuge Liang, and no one crusades against Liu Chan!

Of course, Zhuge Liang would never have just accepted Tuogu on the front foot, and surrendered to Cao Wei on the back foot. After all, before Liu Bei died, he handed over everything to him, how could Zhuge Liang not do his best and die? This point is also mentioned again and again in Zhuge Liang's "Teacher Table". so-called".Gai chases the special encounter of the first emperor, and wants to repay it to His Majesty

Zhuge Liang didn't understand what Shu Han was like. It's not that he can't see how unrealistic it is to want to use Shu Han's small body to sweep the world and support the Han family when there is a strong enemy outside. The reason why he knew he couldn't do it was to repay Liu Bei!

Therefore, those who angrily denounce Zhuge Liang and use military force, the author doubts whether they have taken a good look at Zhuge Liang's "Teacher Table". Why the Northern Expedition could not be clearer. If Zhuge Liang had a little selfishness, he would have surrendered to Cao Wei a long time ago, so why bother himself so much.

In short, the first two things that Liu Bei explained were related to the overall situation, and the focus fell on Zhuge Liang, so Zhuge Liang never forgot it until he died. But it's a pity that Zhuge Liang forgot about the third thing Liu Bei explained.

The third thing: Ma Yan's words are exaggerated and cannot be used

Why did Zhuge Liang finally die of exhaustion in Wuzhang Plain? The root cause is in Ma Tan! The first Northern Expedition was the closest Zhuge Liang came to success.

First, the timing is right. Cao Pi had just died, Cao Rong ascended the throne, and Cao Wei was at the time of the transfer of power, that is, when he was at his weakest, but Zhuge Liang suddenly went on a northern expedition and hit Cao Wei unexpectedly.

Second, the effect is good. not only connected the city of Cao Wei, but also caused great turmoil in Cao Wei. In order to resist Zhuge Liang, Cao Rong had to sit in Chang'an. As a result, because Zhuge Liang was too fierce, rumors appeared in Luoyang: Cao Rong was killed by Zhuge Liang.

This news frightened Cao Wei's courtiers, and they began to elect the new emperor. And Empress Dowager Guo also panicked and prepared to let Cao Zhi come out to succeed to the throne. Unexpectedly, at this moment, Cao Rong returned to Luoyang, which calmed down this huge turmoil.

Why did Cao Ei go back? Could it be that he heard the news of Luoyang? Not at all, because Zhuge Liang retired from the army. So why did Zhuge Liang quit the army? It's the misuse of Ma Tan, which led to the loss of the street pavilion!

Now I can see that the problem is coming, if Zhuge Liang is right to use Ma Yan, Cao Rong will not be able to return to Luoyang. Then Cao Zhi will ascend the throne. In this way, it is equivalent to a new emperor, and two emperors stand side by side - not to mention Cao Wei, any dynasty, what does this mean? It's already self-explanatory.

And the reason why Zhuge Liang went on a northern expedition was not to swallow Cao Wei in one bite. Everyone knows that this is impossible, and it must be to mess up the situation first. It must be known that anyone who is in a disadvantaged state is always to mess up the situation as the primary goal, and then take the opportunity to win in the chaos, or do the wrong thing to punch the master to death. Only when we are in an advantageous state can we hope that the situation will develop smoothly.

Zhuge Liang's first Northern Expedition almost achieved this goal perfectly, but it was ruined by Ma Tan! Since then, although Zhuge Liang has repeatedly made northern expeditions, the effect cannot be compared with the first time. It is equivalent to five Northern Expeditions, and Zhuge Liang ran out of oil and died of exhaustion in Wuzhang Plain.

In fact, just before Liu Bei died, he specially told Zhuge Liang: Ma Yan's words are too much to use. However, whether Zhuge Liang selectively forgot or really forgot, he didn't listen to it, which led to such an ending.

But no matter what, Zhuge Liang is not an immortal, he should not be condemned, let alone pour dirty water on him. In fact, Zhuge Liang has done everything he can do, but "the sky is long, how thin is it to me", at the same time as the stars of Wuzhang Yuan fell, it also announced that an era of the Three Kingdoms was completely over.

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