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When people think of Russia, their first impression is its huge territory. You must know that a few hundred years ago, Russia was only a small country on the Eastern European Plain. But by the beginning of the 20th century, it had expanded to more than 22 million square kilometers.
Although in 1991, this earth-loving behemoth temporarily lost a considerable part of its land due to the collapse of the Soviet Union. But with the birth of Putin, Russia, which had recovered a little blood, immediately began to conquer the city, thus becoming the only country whose territory is still increasing significantly in the 21st century. It is known that it was dismembered in 2008AbkhaziawithSouth Ossetia, merged in 2014Crimea, in 2022, it will manipulate the four states of eastern Ukraine into Russia. Now that the Russian-Ukrainian war is not over, no one knows what new territorial gains Russia can receive.
Some people say, Russia is already so big, what do you want to do with so much land? In fact, historically, Russia has always shown incomparable fanaticism for the land, saying that it isThe last nomadic empire hidden in this worldIt's not an exaggeration.
Why?
The earliest nomadic groups in the world's history date back more than 6,000 yearsProto-Indo-Europeans, they were the first to invent wheeled carriages, giving them the ability to come fromSouth Russian steppeMigrated to various parts of Eurasia.
The first nomadic nation in the history of the world was undoubtedly made by those who were good at horseback ridingScythiansWhat was established, they are in the history books of our countryCypriots。And the great nomadic empire in the true sense of the word in the history of the world is prestigiousHunsIt has been entangled with Chinese history for thousands of years.
It can be said thatA history of the Xiongnu is half of the history of early China。In the long process of dealing with the Xiongnu, the image of the nomadic people has been deeply imprinted in the memory of the Chinese nation. In our classics, there are not only the humiliation of "The Siege of Baideng" and "Beacon Sweet Spring", but also the helplessness of building the Great Wall in harmony, and the heroism of "sealing the wolf Juxu" and "Yanran Le Shi".
After the Xiongnu, the world-famous nomadic peoples such as Xianbei, Rouran, Turkic, Khitan, Jurchen, and Mongolian appeared on the stage of northern China like a marquee. It can be said that no people in the history of the world knows more deeply than we know about nomads.
Below, we take the Xiongnu as an example to understand the habits of a downstream herdsman.
The Xiongnu lived in the bitter cold region of Mobei, and were good at riding and shooting, and the harsh living conditions made them develop the habit of being brave and good at fighting, persevering, and bearing hardships and standing hard work. They are natural warriors, shooting and hunting birds and beasts for a living in peacetime, and all people are soldiers in wartime. In the age of cold weapons, the light cavalry of the nomads were invincible on the battlefield with their mobility and shock power.
The nomadic economy of the Xiongnu was very fragile, because of the climate, it often encountered snow disasters in winter, and often a heavy snowstorm could freeze all the livestock to death. In order to survive, the Xiongnu developed the habit of plundering everywhere. From the beginning of the Xia, Shang and Zhou periods, as soon as the autumn comes, the Xiongnu will take advantage of the fat and strong horses to lead their troops to the south to plunder, this is ".Hit the autumn wind".
In addition, the Xiongnu often fought with other ethnic groups for water and pasture. At the end of the Qin Dynasty and the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu generation was arrogantMao Dun Shan YuIn order to expand their living space, they attacked Donghu in the east, broke the Yueshi in the west, collected and surrendered Ding Ling, Jiankun and other departments in the north, and occupied the Hetao area in the south, so that the "people of the bow" in the north were combined into one family, and established a nomadic empire with unprecedented territory. In their subconscious,Plundering the land is the greatest joy in life, because land is fundamental, it is wealth, it is everything!
Sima Qian recorded in the "Historical Records": "If the Huns are profitable, they will advance, and if they are unfavorable, they will retreat, and they will not be ashamed to flee." Where is the profit, I don't know the etiquette. "The Xiongnu attached great importance to immediate interests and did not talk about anything at allThe spirit of the contract, turning the face faster than turning the book. Historically, the Central Plains Dynasty had no effect on them, whether it was a contract or a peace relationship, and they often plundered without a word. This shows that the Xiongnu is a nation with a very low level of civilization, and wherever it goes, it can only bring violence and destruction, and there is no civilization at all.
For example, in the Wuhu Rebellion period, as a branch of the XiongnuKarmaIt was very brutal, they captured a large number of Han women, used them as military food during the day to satisfy hunger, and at night at will, so that there were more than one Han in the Yellow River Valley. During the period of Mongol expansion, every time they encountered fierce resistance, they burned the city, killed all the people, and the atmosphere of terror enveloped the Eurasian continent.
It can be said that wherever nomads go, there is no grass, and the regimes they establish often mean a step backwards in history.
Nomads have a habit of eating the jungle. The "Historical Records" recorded that the Xiongnu were "noble and strong, cheap and old." "Good things are first enjoyed by the able-bodied, and the rest is given to the old, weak, sick and disabled. Therefore, the worship of the strong is their innate habit.
The cost of waging war by the Xiongnu was low, but the gains were very good. On the other hand, if the Central Plains ethnic groups want to go on a northern expedition, they usually have to mobilize their troops, but they often have nothing to gain and the cost is too high. As time passed, the Central Plains Dynasty became more and more afraid of war, and the Xiongnu became more and more addicted to war.
Through the above analysis,The Xiongnu were born a veritable fighting people。This is also the reason why although their population is small, they can often beat the surrounding ethnic groups to cry and cry for their mothers.
After talking about the Huns, let's take a look at whether Russia's temperament and nomads are like them.
The ancestors of Russia wereEastern SlavsIn the eyes of Western Europeans, it is a group of weak, ignorant and backward barbarians. 9th century AD, VikingsVaryagsConquer the Eastern Slavs and establish Kievan Rus'. An even greater shock to the Rus' came from the Mongol invasion. At the beginning of the 13th century, the Mongol iron cavalry was like a bolt of lightning and completely conquered the land of Rus'. Since then, the Mongol yoke has ruled Russia for more than two hundred years.
The Mongol rule for so long has left a deep Mongol imprint on the Russian nation both inside and out. First of all, in terms of blood, Russians carry Mongolian genes in their blood. Due to the scarcity of the Mongol conquerors, they forced numerous Russian women to intermarry with the Mongols, so much so that many Russians wore an oriental face many years later. For example, on the faces of celebrities such as Lenin, Yeltsin, and Putin, you can see oriental features such as wide noses and large face plates.
Mongolia's influence on Russia is not just as simple as mixing or exchanging blood, but more importantly, let'sRussians generally have a Mongolian way of thinking and behaving。The double brutality of the Vikings and the Mongols made the Russian nation gradually bloody and ruthless.
The Mongolian-style Orientalist form of government, political habits, and social organization have made the ** and weak Russia move towards the most centralized and powerful. At this time, a privileged class gradually formed in the upper strata of Russia, while the life of the lower strata became more and more difficult, and with the loss of freedom and rights, they finally became poor serfs.
During the Mongol period, the Western countries were experiencing the Renaissance movement, but the new wind of humanism never blew into the Russian land, making them even more isolated and backward. After the end of Mongol rule, the Enlightenment began to rise again in the West. However, the advanced theories of the Western Enlightenment sages have never had a market in Russia, and the so-called contract ideas have been scorned in Russia.
This has widened the gap between Russia and the West, but successive Russian tsars still admired Western culture and technology very much. In order to get closer to Western Europe, they deliberately packaged themselves. Claiming to be the inheritor of the civilization of the Eastern Roman Empire and the descendant of the Orthodox Church, he tried to put on a coat of European civilization for himself. He cut off his beard, abandoned his robe, wore European-style clothes, followed his European lifestyle, introduced Western European technology, developed industry and the military, founded newspapers and school ......
All the Tsar did was make himself look more like a European. In fact, all this can only deceive yourself, and you can never deceive others. Why else would the Europeans say:Peel off the skin of a Russian, and inside lived a Tatar。Because in terms of national character and behavior, the Russians are Mongol-Tatars through and through.
Russia is also defeated by Mongolia, and Chengdu is also Mongolia。Russia died because of the Mongols, and it grew into a superpower by rebelling against the Golden Horde.
After the collapse of the Golden Horde, the unified Russian Empire annexed the Kazan Khanate, the Astrakhan Khanate, the Siberian Khanate, and the Crimean Khanate. Then he marched all the way east, relying on a small group of Cossacks and quickly conquered the vast expanse of Siberia. To know,The Cossacks are the nomadic group of the Slavic peoples that most resembles the Mongol-Tatars
In the course of the conquest of Siberia, the Cossacks were at war with the Mongol Dzungar Khanate, the Kazakh Khanate, and the Qing Dynasty. The final outcome of the war was that the Qing Dynasty and the Russian Empire divided all the legacy of the former Mongol Empire, with Russia, of course, taking the lion's share
As a result, Russia finally changed into a vest and became the descendant of the Mongol Empire. At its peak, Russia spanned 13 time zones from east to west, spanning three continents, Europe, Asia and the United States, with a territory of 22.8 million square kilometers, becoming a veritable land giant.
Russia has such a vast territory, but amazingly, it still feels that it is not big enough. It stands to reason that with its unparalleled resource conditions, as long as it dives its heart and soul into developing well, its economy will not be much worse than that of Canada. Unfortunately, Russia was, and still is, a resource-based country with a poor economy.
In the 70s of the last century, when the world's oil prices were high, the Soviet Union overtook the United States with its oil dividend. But as oil prices fell in the 80s, the Soviet economy collapsed, eventually leading to its disintegration.
Entering the 21st century, Putin caught up with good fortune, and with the rolling petrodollar, the Russian economy felt like it was soaring. But the good times were short-lived, and with the fall in oil prices and international sanctions, the Russian economy began to stumble again.
Why is Russia's economy developing so deformed? This and it'sNomadic economic thinkingInseparable.
In ancient times, the only way for nomads to maintain their economy was to plunder, so in those days, whoever had the most territory would take advantage. Therefore, for the sake of the country's development, it is necessary to strive to grab the land of neighboring countries, and when it has robbed its neighbors, in order to continue its development, it is necessary to grab the land of neighboring countries. As long as this is the case, the country will get richer and richer.
This is the same way of thinking in Russia now. My economic development is completely dependent on resources, and resources come from the first source, that is, land, and of course the more land, the better. As a result, land grabbing has become the country's biggest development strategy.
EconomistsGuan Qingyousaid", ".Russia's greatest contribution to the world is to constantly provide lessons from failures. "This country is out of step with the rest of the world, and in the final analysis, it is the nomadic mentality that is at work.
A country's economy is overly dependent on resources, and over time, it will suffer from resource dependence. In the same way, due to the nomadic mentality of Russia, it also suffers from aggression addiction. But once you can, twice you can, there will be more times, there will definitely be people who will not get used to your nonsense, and this Russia-Ukraine war is proof of this.
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Text ** Yu Pingyan Listening History, please like, collect, share and follow.