The Xinhai Revolution was a major political change in Chinese history, that is, the revolution that overthrew the Qing Dynasty in 1911. On October 10 of that year, part of the New Army, instigated by the revolutionary groups of the bourgeoisie and petty bourgeoisie of the time, revolted in Wuchang, and the provinces followed one after another, and the rule of the Qing Dynasty soon collapsed. On January 1, 1912, Nanjing established the China Provisional University and elected Sun Yat-sen as the Provisional Congress. The revolution was triumphed through the alliance of the bourgeoisie and the peasant workers and the urban petty bourgeoisie. However, the revolution eventually brought power into the hands of the Beiyang warlord Yuan Shikai, and the revolution failed. In the end, it failed to achieve a complete victory, and its defeat was rooted in many factors.
Background: Before the Xinhai Revolution, the Qing Dynasty was seriously corrupted, and national governance fell into chaos. This political corruption caused the Qing Dynasty to lose popular support and gradually disintegrate social order. The whole country was generally dissatisfied with the rule of the Manchus, and trust in the Qing was increasingly lost. This corruption seriously weakened the authority of the Qing Dynasty and provided the basis for the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution.
First, the division of warlords has led to the disunity of the country.
After the Xinhai Revolution overthrew the Qing Dynasty, Chinese society effectively fell into a situation of warlord warfare. Warlords everywhere confront each other in order to compete for power, and the country falls into a state of **. ** It is difficult to effectively consolidate power and establish a unified regime throughout the country. The warlord chaos not only leads to political instability, but also leads to the loss of social order and serious hindrances to economic development.
Second, external pressures have exacerbated China's turmoil.
During the Xinhai Revolution, the great powers launched a series of interventions in China, which exacerbated China's internal and external difficulties. The signing of unequal treaties in the late Qing Dynasty weakened China's independence and autonomy. At the same time, the revolutionary leadership had a considerable compromise, they did not dare to resist the oppression of the capitalist powers, so even after the revolution overthrew the Manchu Qing ** and established the Nanjing Provisional **, the new ** still recognized the unequal treaties signed between the Qing ** and imperialism. Foreign powers have been able to continue to intervene in China's affairs, leaving the country in a passive position. These external pressures not only weakened the Xinhai Revolution, but also deepened the turmoil in Chinese society and laid the groundwork for the intensification of internal contradictions. 
Third, there is a lack of effective organization and a people's foundation, and the awakening of political consciousness is insufficient.
A rather important factor in the failure of the revolution was the lack of strength of the leading group to unite the masses and to give benefits to the peasants. As Teacher Mao said: The National Revolution requires a major rural upheaval. The Xinhai Revolution did not have this change, so it failed. Now there is this change (referring to the peasant movement), which is an important factor in the completion of the revolution. All revolutionary comrades must support this change, otherwise they will take a counter-revolutionary stand.
Deeper factors: The deep-seated problem revealed by the Xinhai Revolution is that China is facing a power vacuum and institutional transformation after the revolution. After the success of the revolution, the old feudal system was overthrown, but before the new regime was established, the power vacuum led to social disorder and chaos. At this time, the lack of effective management and governance institutions makes it difficult for the country to achieve a smooth political transition. The difficulties of institutional transformation further deepened the failure of the Xinhai Revolution. In the process of pursuing modernization, Chinese society is faced with the arduous task of building and transforming institutions.
To sum up, the failure of the Xinhai Revolution was not the result of a single cause, but the result of a combination of factors such as warlord division, external pressure, and the power that did not unite the majority of the masses in the country. Among them, the power vacuum and the difficult problem of institutional transformation are the deep-seated reasons for the failure of the Xinhai Revolution and the root cause of China's long-term social turmoil. Although the Xinhai Revolution was unsuccessful, it laid the foundation for the evolution of Chinese politics and the exploration of modernization, and left a profound lesson for future development.