The Five Factions of Beiyang Warlords: Strength and Grievances**
After Yuan Shikai's death, the unified leadership of the Beiyang system collapsed, and Yuan Shikai was lost as the backbone, and this huge organization was divided into five main factions: the direct line, the Anhui line, the Feng line, the Jin Sui line, and the northwest line.
The Beiyang Army was originally united under the leadership of Yuan Shikai, but after Yuan Shikai's death, there was no leader who could deter the various factions, resulting in each faction acting separately and forming a situation of warlord separation.
Among them, the direct warlords and the Anhui warlords are the most powerful. Most of the leaders of the direct warlords were born in the Zhili region of the Qing Dynasty and had similar views on politics, so they were called direct warlords.
Feng Gong's ancestor Feng Guozhang is a representative of the direct warlords, and the strength of genes can be seen, and Feng Gong has almost copied all the characteristics of Feng Guozhang. The direct warlords relied on Britain and the United States politically and were the spokesmen of the old landlords.
In July 1917, Feng Guozhang exercised the right of the great ** as a deputy **, advocated peace talks between the north and the south, and opposed Duan Qirui's blind use of force to unify China, which caused a contradiction between the direct line and the Anhui line.
With the death of Feng Guozhang, rising stars such as Wu Peifu and Cao Kun rose, and the contradiction between the direct line and the Anhui line gradually became acute, and finally a major war broke out.
In order to defeat the powerful enemy, we brought in a powerful third party, the Feng warlord Zhang Zuolin. With his help, we successfully defeated the Anhui and direct warlords and took control of Beijing.
However, the conflicting interests of the warlords made it impossible for them to truly cooperate. After a period of peace, the conflict between the direct line and the Feng line escalated again. There is only one way to resolve conflicts between warlords, and that is through fighting.
The first Zhibong War broke out, and it turned out that as long as no one betrayed, the combat effectiveness of the Zhijun was unmatched, and the Bong army was defeated by the Zhijun. The direct warlords became famous as a result, and Cao Kun was even elected **, although his methods were somewhat despicable.
The once brilliant Anhui warlords fought in the confrontation with the Feng warlords. They were not willing to fail, but in the end they were beaten by the direct warlords. In this war, Feng Yuxiang's sudden defection led to the defeat of the direct army, and Wu Peifu had to withdraw from Beijing.
From then on, the direct warlords began to go downhill, and finally completely failed under the impact of the Northern Expedition and disappeared into the long river of history. As Yuan Shikai's own son, the Anhui warlord was named because his leader Duan Qirui was a native of Anhui.
After the death of Yuan Shikai, Duan Qirui relied on the real power of the Anhui warlords and the recognition of the local governor's army, and the spring breeze was proud. Unlike the direct lineage, which relies on the support of Britain and the United States, Duan Qirui and others rely on the book (that is, Japan).
After taking control of the ** regime, the Anhui warlords further expanded, bringing the warlords of Anhui, Shandong, Fujian, Shaanxi, Gansu, Zhejiang, Shanghai and other places under their control, and through them, they controlled a large number of armies and controlled these areas.
In 1918, Xu Shuzheng introduced the Feng army, forcing Feng Guozhang to retire in Beijing, and since then, the Anhui warlords have reached their heyday.
In order to win the support of Japanese imperialism, Duan Qirui advocated declaring war on Germany and Austria, and under the pretext of participating in the war, he used the pretext of participating in the war to expand his strength, and borrowed money from Japan to organize a three-division army to participate in the war, which was later changed to a border guard army, and gradually penetrated into Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia and other border areas.
In June 1919, Beiyang appointed Xu Shuzheng as the Northwest Frontier Envoy and Commander of the Northwest Frontier Army. Xu Shuzheng is not only good at internal fighting, but also ruthless in cracking down on ** elements, at that time, the ** elements in Outer Mongolia advocated autonomy, Xu Shuzheng unceremoniously said that there is only one word for these people who have no country and no home - fight.
Duan Qirui and Feng Guozhang, the two warlord leaders, because of their disagreement, led to serious contradictions between the two factions, even to the point of war. The seemingly powerful Anhui warlord was defeated in a battle with the Fengzhi coalition and lost his dominance.
The Feng warlord was called Feng because its leader, Zhang Zuolin, was a native of Fengtian. Like the Anhui faction, they all came to power with the support of the Japanese. With the power of Japan, the Bong faction took control of the three eastern provinces in 1919.
Originally, Zhang Zuolin only controlled Fengtian Province, while Jilin was controlled by Meng Enyuan, the overseer of Jilin.
In order to dominate the three eastern provinces, Zhang Zuolin first deposed Meng Enyuan, who refused to transfer, and he sent troops to capture Jilin. With the support of Japan, the Kuanchengzi Incident was created, and finally Meng Enyuan was driven out and Jilin was occupied.
After occupying Jilin, Zhang Zuolin once again controlled Heilongjiang and realized his dream of being the hegemon of Northeast China. However, Zhang Zuolin was not satisfied, he was eager to control the whole country.
In the Zhiwan War, he joined forces with the direct warlords against the Anhui family.
In this war, the Anhui warlords suffered a crushing defeat, and the direct and Feng warlords joined forces to occupy power in Beijing. With the success of this battle, Zhang Zuolin's power expanded dramatically, and his power tentacles even extended to Inner Mongolia and other places.
However, the relationship between the direct and Feng lines did not last long, and soon they turned against each other and attacked each other. In order to fight for control of the Yangtze River Valley, the first war broke out in Zhifeng, and the Feng army led by Zhang Zuolin was finally defeated and could only return to the three eastern provinces.
After painful reflection, Zhang Zuolin conducted a comprehensive training of the troops, and after more than two years of hard work, he achieved the final victory in the 2nd Zhifeng War, and had the last laugh.
This victory expanded Zhang Zuolin's sphere of influence to the Yangtze River valley. However, because of his excessive ambition, he touched the interests of others, which led to the outbreak of the Zhejiang-Feng War.
In this war, Zhang Zuolin suffered defeat and was forced to relinquish control of the south. In addition, due to Guo Songlin's betrayal, Zhang Zuolin and Feng Yuxiang, who had already had differences, completely broke up, and Zhang Zuolin cooperated with Wu Peifu instead, expelled Feng Yuxiang, and the two sides shared power.
In the course of the Kuomintang's Northern Expedition, the situation of the Feng army became increasingly difficult. However, at this critical moment, Zhang Zuolin longed for power and proclaimed himself the generalissimo of the army and navy, equivalent to the head of state.
However, this ambition did not change his fate. In 1928, the new warlords Lao Jiang, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang and Xin Gui jointly attacked in order to eliminate the Feng warlords, causing Zhang Zuolin to lose a large amount of territory.
The Northern Expeditionary Army had arrived on the outskirts of Beijing, and Zhang Zuolin was faced with an irretrievable situation and could only flee to the north in a hurry.
During the journey to the north, Japan created the Huanggutun Incident that shocked the world, and a generation of heroes Zhang Zuolin fell. The Feng warlord entered the era of Zhang Xueliang, who refused the threat and temptation of the Japanese and decided to change his flag and take refuge in Nanjing**.
Since then, the Feng army has been reorganized into the Northeast Frontier Army, and the term Feng has gradually been forgotten. And the Jin Sui warlords, the Jin Sui led by Yan Xishan are not Yuan Shikai's descendants, and even Yuan Shikai's antagonist for a time.
However, in the process of negotiating peace between the north and the south, they took refuge in Yuan Shikai. Although the strength of the Jin Sui warlords is not the strongest, they are the longest-standing warlords.
During the Northern War, Yan Xishan judged the situation, supported the Northern Expedition, and took refuge in the people**, and was able to survive the fate of being attacked by the Northern Expedition. However, his Jin Sui warlords were not completely eliminated until the Liberation War, and *** was the one who sounded the death knell of the Jin Sui warlords.
Feng Yuxiang, a representative of the warlords in the northwest, is also good at judging the situation and has a history of defection. Although the strength of the warlords in the northwest is weak, they rely on cruel means to themselves, and they can slap themselves in the face ruthlessly in order to get ahead.
Feng Yuxiang is often referred to as a defective general because of his weakness, and after Yuan Shikai's death, China entered a period of warlord warfare, in which various forces colluded with each other for interests and rights.
Wars are frequent, the warlords see only self-interest in their eyes, and the well-being of the people is neglected. Today's happy life is not easy to come by, and we should cherish it, which is something that our ancestors did not dare to imagine.