PurposeRecord.
Rural revitalization should have farmers in the eyes 001
In conclusion, rural revitalization and common prosperity
Section 1 Rural Revitalization: Strategic Essence and Practical Misunderstandings 003
1. Three perspectives: interpreting the strategic essence of rural revitalization 004
2. Three misunderstandings: examining the practical exploration of rural revitalization 011
3. Five tasks: the key points that need to be paid attention to to to achieve rural revitalization 014
Conclusion: Different rules should be followed at different stages of rural revitalization 017
Section 2 Common Prosperity: The Unbalanced Status Quo and the Future of Modernization 019
1. The current situation of unbalanced development: it is necessary to analyze specific problems 020
2. The Future of Chinese Modernization: From Made in China to Created in China 025
Conclusion: Common prosperity and rural revitalization must not use static thinking 030
Chapter 1 Urban-Rural Disparities and Urban-Rural Disparities: Adjusting for Biases and Promoting China's Rise
Section 1 Urban-Rural Gaps: Deviations from Mainstream Opinions and Recommendations 035
1. Mainstream opinions: the current situation of China's urban-rural gap and countermeasures 036
II. Basis of Discussion: Who Are Farmers and How to Understand Farmers' Income 037
3. "Three rural" policies: failure to understand the essence of the urban-rural gap can easily lead to deviations in policy recommendations 041
Conclusion: A reasonable urban-rural gap is a huge driving force for Chinese modernization 045
Section 2 Changes in Urban-Rural Relations: From Seeking and Protecting to Integration 047
I. Urban-Rural China in China: Relationship Stages and Dualistic Structures 047
2. Smallholder Agriculture: Protective Urban-Rural Dual Structure and Three-Wheel Drive Chinese Modernization 052
3. Urban-rural integration: premises, cores and different stages 055
Conclusion: The new urban-rural relationship will eventually establish 057
Section 3 Urban-Rural Differences: The Secret of China's Rapid Rise 060
1. To achieve common prosperity, we must narrow the three major gaps 060
II. Urban-Rural Differences: Reflecting the Dialectical Relationship between Urban and Rural Areas in China 068
3. Development Poles and Stabilizers: Supporting Rural Development through Urban-Rural Differences 072
Conclusion: To narrow the gap between urban and rural areas, it is necessary to analyze specific problems 076
Chapter 2 National Market and Regional Differences: Different Trends in Rural China
Section 1 Three National Markets: Promoting Rural Integration into the National System 081
1. National agricultural product market: small farmers are the main producers 082
2. The National Labor Market: Increasing Profit Opportunities for Rural Households 084
3. National Marriage Market: Targeted Flows of Gender Resources across Provinces and Autonomous Regions 086
IV. The Connection of the Three National Markets and Their Impact on Rural Order 089
Conclusion: China's original rural order faces challenges 092
Section 2 Regional Differences: Dialysis of the Future of Urbanization in China 093
1. Coastal Midwest: The Current Economic Pattern and Urban Pattern 093
2. Planning on the one hand and preventing on the other: county economy and urbanization in China 098
III. Human Modernization: The Fundamentals of Regional Differences and Common Prosperity 101
IV. A Discussion: On the Industrial Prosperity of Rural Areas 103
Conclusion: Achieving a high level of equilibrium through imbalance 105
Section 3 Three Economic Zones: Regional Differences in Rural Households' Income Mechanism 107
I. Regional differences between the three major economic zones and farmers' incomes 107
II. PEASANTS AND AGRICULTURE IN THE HEART OF THE SEMI-MARKET 111
III. Three exceptions: special circumstances within the Economic Belt 114
Conclusion: The affluence of peasants is closely related to the area in which they are located 116
Section 4 Core and Periphery: Culture in China's Regional Differences 118
I. Two samples of cultural regional differences: the Qinling Mountains in southern Shaanxi and the rural areas in southeastern Yunnan 118
2. Cultural Core and Periphery: Confucian Genes and Liberal Genes 120
III. Regional Differences in Village Social Structure and Social Stratification 125
IV. The Equalizing Role of Urbanization and the Market Economy 126
Conclusion: Only by truly understanding regional differences can we understand rural China more accurately 127
Chapter 3 County Economy: Strategic Fulcrum or Transitional Stage
Section 1 Midwestern Counties: The "Feet" of Big Cities or the "Brains" of Villages 131
1. The county economy in the central and western regions needs to be subordinated to agricultural logic 132
2. Urbanization at the county level: Conform to the goals of the strategy of farmers' migration to cities and rural revitalization 135
3. County governance: focusing on the effective supply of public services 139
Fourth, the county and rural system: steady, simple, negative administration 142
Conclusion: The essence of economic development and governance in counties in the central and western regions is rural 143
Section 2 Reform of Strong Counties: Expanding Power and Empowerment Deviating from the Economic Positioning of Counties 145
1. County governance, world security? The basis for expanding the power of strong counties is difficult to establish 146
2. Expanding the power of strong counties cannot be one-size-fits-all 148
III. The Logic of Economic Development in the Central and Western Counties 152
IV. Three Levels: The Future Layout of China's Regional Economy 148
Conclusion: Scenarios for China's Economic Regional Pattern in the Future 163
Section 3 Housing in County Towns: Risks of Peasants Moving to Cities and County Urbanization 166
1. Three reasons: why the urbanization rate of household registration is lower than the actual urbanization rate of 166
2. Buying a house is not a safe place to live, and peasants must have employment when they go to the city 167
3. Returning to the Hometown to Farm - The Peasants Left Behind in the City 169
Fourth, the peasants go upstairs is not the same as the urbanization of the peasants 171
Conclusion: The near-term focus of the rural revitalization strategy is to guarantee the minimum 172
Section 4 Rural Homesteads: Whether They Are Worthy of the Important Task of Promoting Rural Revitalization 174
1. Is the rural homestead really "sleeping" capital 174
2. Homesteads entered the market and did not create wealth 176
3. Triple dilemma: it is difficult to raise rural revitalization resources with homesteads 178
Conclusion: There is no such thing as wealth for no reason in the world 181
Chapter 4 Rural Pension - How to Deal with the Aging of the Rural Population
Section 1 Growing Old Before Getting Rich - Where is the Road for Over-Age Migrant Workers 185
I. Removal Order: Protecting or Harming Overage Migrant Workers 186
2. Three reasons why peasants still work overage 187
3. Who provides for over-age migrant workers 188
4. Preserve the space for migrant workers to return to their hometowns freely 190
Conclusion: Solving the Problem of Migrant Workers' Pension Security from a Strategic Perspective 191
Section 2 The Concept of Pluralistic Welfare: Why "Low Consumption, High Welfare" Is Possible 193
1. The pluralistic welfare concept of the left-behind elderly
2. Adjust the strategic focus of rural revitalization around the concept of multiple welfare
Conclusion: Rural revitalization should serve the rural left-behind 201
Section 3 Practice and Response: A New Exploration of Rural Pension Models 202
1. Three types of institutions: Yifeng County Institutional Pension Exploration 204
2. Mutual Pension and Family Pension 208
3 Several dialectical relationships in the practice of rural pension 210
Conclusion: Mutual Pension in Rural Areas Has Five Advantages 215
Section 4 Mutual Aid in Villages and Communities: Actively Responding to Rural Aging 218
I. China's Thoughts and Wisdom on Dealing with Rural Aging 219
2. Mutual assistance for the elderly in the primary stage of village communities 222
3. Mutual assistance for the elderly in villages and communities at the advanced stage 235
Conclusion: Mutual Assistance for the Elderly in Villages and Communities Provides Strategic Choices for Coping with Aging 237
Preamble
Rural revitalization should have farmers in mind
He Xuefeng
one
Rural revitalization is the general starting point of the "three rural" work in the new era. The first of the "three rural" is the farmers, and the rural revitalization must put the service of the farmers in the first place.
The reason why rural revitalization should first serve farmers is because farmers are the most vulnerable group in the process of Chinese-style modernization, and they lack social capital and are struggling to move into cities. In the past 20 years and the next 20 years, China has become the most urbanized and the market has deepened. In 2000, China's urbanization rate was only 36, but at present, China's urbanization rate has reached 65, and China's urbanization rate may reach 80 in the future. Urbanization means that farmers move into cities and become urban citizens, and farmers move from agriculture and rural areas to more market-oriented cities with more opportunities and greater risks.
The process of secondary and tertiary industries.
Peasants usually move to the city not as a family at one time, but the young and middle-aged labor force in the family advances to the city. Parents who stayed behind in the countryside worked in the countryside and young children worked in the cities, and the whole family worked together to finally obtain the conditions to live in the city. The problem is that the migration of peasants to the cities is not always successful, and for a long time, it is likely that the young children of the peasant families will work in the cities, and the elderly parents will have to stay in the villages to work in the villages. Go to the city during economic booms and return to your hometown when the economy is down. Even farmers who have settled in the cities may not be able to withstand the risks, so they are willing to keep the rural retreat. The peasants who moved to the cities were still vulnerable, they were sober and rational, and they wanted to preserve for themselves a rural retreat.
Of course, not all migrant workers are disadvantaged groups, and more and more urban farmers have integrated into the cities and have stable employment and income in the cities. They have become the main force in the process of Chinese-style modernization, as well as the main body of urbanization and marketization. They have actively participated in modernization, urbanization and marketization, and have gained various opportunities and successes from them. This group of people is a strong group among the peasants, who stand out from the hundreds of millions of peasants with household registration and take their destiny into their own hands. With the continuous advancement of Chinese-style modernization, more and more farmers who have moved to the cities can live in dignity and become new citizens. They gradually cede the opportunities they had previously had in the countryside to make profits, thereby easing the tense relationship between man and land in the rural areas, and the peasants who stayed in the rural areas could expand their business scale and increase their incomes by obtaining these opportunities.
There are two main groups of farmers left behind in rural areas. First, the elderly who lack urban employment opportunities, and they have contracted land, homesteads, and housing. The characteristics of the village collective economy, the social tradition of village acquaintances, and the natural economy that are still preserved enable the left-behind elderly people who have the ability to work not only to solve the problem of food and clothing, but also to have a rich practice of life subjectivity, which is not the same as wandering in the city. The second is young and middle-aged couples who are unwilling or unable to move to the cities, and they increase their incomes by obtaining the profit opportunities that are transferred by the peasants who have moved to the cities. The more farmers who move to the city, the more profit opportunities they can give, and the more possibilities for young and middle-aged couples who stay in the countryside to expand their business scale and increase their sideline income. Young and middle-aged people who stay in the rural areas can even earn an income no less than that of migrant workers while maintaining the integrity of their family life, and become new "middle peasants" and "backbone farmers" in the rural areas. From the perspective of village social structure, they are the backbone of the village, and from the perspective of village-level governance, they are the best of the village cadres and the activists in village-level governance. It is the left-behind elderly people and "backbone farmers" who have cultivated the cultivated land throughout the country. This structure is a stable structure that is very vigorous and spontaneous.
In the next year, the vast majority of peasants who have moved to the cities will be able to live in the cities in a dignified manner, and the opportunities for making profits in the rural areas will provide the peasants who remain in the villages with the conditions to further expand the scale of their operations and promote agricultural modernization. As China crosses the middle-income stage, urban modernization is prioritized, and agricultural and rural modernization follows up, China will enter an advanced stage of modernization, and a new countryside that is "strong, rich and beautiful" will eventually arrive.
II. II. II
The question is what the focus is at this stage.
The deep participation of farmers in the market system has created wealth and laid a solid foundation for Chinese-style modernization. Providing farmers with undifferentiated market opportunities is the greatest respect and protection for them. The market system has many opportunities and great risks, and farmers are the most vulnerable group in the process of Chinese-style modernization, and those who may fail to move to the cities and those who still stay in the countryside, especially the elderly in rural areas, are the vulnerable groups among the peasants, and they need to have basic guarantees and the last way out. Therefore, the main goal of rural revitalization in the current period should be to use limited national resources to provide bottom-line guarantees and services for farmers; At present, the more important things, such as rural infrastructure construction, basic public service supply, socialized services for small farmers, and mutual assistance for the elderly, are all basic and bottom-line; The current goal of rural revitalization is not to build rural areas and agriculture into more beautiful, more opportunities, and more successful places than cities.
To put it simply, the focus of rural revitalization practice and the "three rural" work is to serve farmers, and policy design and financial support should be tilted towards farmers; This kind of service is more of a bottom-line service, but it is extremely important; This bottom line should be gradually raised, but it is absolutely impossible to be higher than that of the city.
In this way, the current practice of rural revitalization and the "three rural" work are worth discussing and discussing in many places. For example, some areas equate rural revitalization with the construction of beautiful villages, and invest huge amounts of financial funds to build "strong, rich and beautiful" demonstration villages that cannot be replicated; In some places, ignoring the current reality of small-scale farming, one-sidedly promoted large-scale land management, promoted agricultural modernization, and promoted modern agriculture; Individual policy researchers, regardless of reality, advocate further marketization of rural factors of production, advocate the entry of peasants' land into the market, and encourage the increase of peasants' property income, but in essence cut off the flesh-and-blood ties between the peasants in the cities and the rural areas. In some areas, the county seat is blindly run, and farmers are encouraged to exhaust their savings to buy houses in the county seat but have no employment, and so on.
This book systematically discusses strategies such as rural revitalization and common prosperity from the perspective of rural areas, points out some deviations in the current work, and why and how to provide services to farmers at the current stage. It is hoped that the publication of this book will help promote the understanding of the current "three rural" work and deepen the practice of rural revitalization.
is for the preface. Year month evening in Lushan.