Application of palm meal and coconut meal in the livestock industry
In recent years, there has been a shortage of feed resources, and the research on new alternative resources has become a hot spot in the industry. Palm meal, coconut meal as feed raw materials in the foreign animal husbandry industry has been used for many years, the current application technology is also relatively mature, in saving food resources, reducing the cost of feeding has played an important role, economic and social benefits are more obvious, such as Kim BG (2001) in the fattening pig using palm meal and coconut meal instead of soybean meal successful research report. Research on the application of these raw materials in China has only been reported in recent years, and the use of these two raw materials in the southern region has begun to bear fruit.
1 palm cake meal
1.1 Introduction.
Malaysia is the world's largest exporter of palm cake meal (PKC M), producing 1.91 million tonnes of crude palm oil and 2.15 million tonnes of PKC M in 2006 (MPOB, 2006). The advantages of PKC as a feed ingredient are: it is generally free of aflatoxin contamination, contains VE and has antioxidant properties, and has good palatability and is suitable for anti-animal (Hutagalung, 1981). The nutritional content of PKC is shown in Table 1.
1.2 Application of Palm Cake Meal in Animal Husbandry Industry.
According to relevant foreign research reports, the dosage of PKC in beef cattle feeding is 80% to 90%, dairy cows and sheep can reach 50%, the dosage in pig feed is up to 20%, and the dosage of aquatic feed is generally about 20% (Table 2).
In Nigeria, it has been reported that the use of 15% 40% PKC in diets does not have a negative impact on pig performance, and the use of 25% and 35% in the feed of grown-finishers in Ghana does not affect performance. Adesehinwa (2007) used palm meal in 36 kg of growing pig feed and found that the effect of 50% or 100% palm meal on the growth performance of control corn (30% corn in the control group, 15% tapioca meal, 15% peanut meal, 25% wheat bran and 3% fishmeal) with palm meal 50% or 100% palm meal is shown in Table 3.
Xie et al. (2006) also reported that the use of 6% 10% PKC in the diet of high-yielding Isa brown laying hens did not affect the performance of laying hens. j.f.Perez et al. (2000) found that palm meal was used in 18-week-old laying hens for 20 weeks, and it was found that the egg production rate decreased when the palm meal rate reached 50%, indicating that the use of less than 50% did not significantly affect the production performance of laying hens (P>0.).05) (Table 4).
The biological value of PKC to sheep is 61% 80%, feeding cows a diet rich in PKC can increase milk fat content, increase cream firmness and produce better meat quality, and 2 3kg of PKC per day is sufficient for adult beef cattle.
2 coconut meal
2.1 Introduction.
The world's coconut production is about 53 million tons per year, and coconut meal (cm) is 1.8 million tons. Indonesia and the Philippines are the world's largest producers of coconut meal, respectively.
1. 2 major producers. Coconut meal has high fiber content, low effective energy value, lack of lysine, methionine and histidine, but high arginine content, contains saturated fatty acids, and high content of B vitamins. f.w.Woll (1922) analyzed the average nutrient content of 17 samples of coconut meal, as shown in Table 5.
Coconut meal has good palatability to dairy cows and is a good raw material resource for dairy cows. The amino acid composition and availability of palm meal and coconut meal are shown in Table 6.
2.2. Application of coconut meal in animal husbandry industry.
Doherty et al. (2000) studied the use of pressed coconut meal in growing-finisher pigs and found that 20% could be added to the diet, but the performance of the pigs depended on the condition of the diet used; Thomme et al. (1992) found that in a balanced nutrient diet of 25 55 kg pigs, the production performance of pigs using 10% coconut meal was slightly reduced compared with the control group, and with the increase of coconut meal use, the feed intake of pigs gradually decreased, the feed efficiency was not affected, the backfat thickness decreased, and the C12:0 and C14:0 fatty acids increased significantly (P<0.).001), stearic acid (C18:0) and linoleic acid (C18:2) content increased significantly (P<0001), indicating that the amount of coconut meal in the diet can affect the fatty acid composition of backfat.
The use of coconut meal in poultry feed has also been reported. m.Moorthy and K Visawanathan (2006) applied coconut meal to 21 52-week-old laying hens, and found that coconut meal could be used in the feed formulation of Bailaihang laying hens by up to 10% through a comparison of egg production performance, egg quality, feed conversion rate and mortality rate (Table 7).
Olude et al. (2008) showed that the use of 30% coconut meal in tilapia feed had no significant effect on fish production performance according to the evaluation indicators such as nutrient use efficiency and production performance (P>005) (Table 8).
3 Epilogue
Although palm meal and coconut meal have certain feeding value, their crude fiber content is high, and the energy and protein utilization rate of monogastric animals is low, and chicks and piglets are not suitable for use. In recent years, many studies have shown that through biotechnology, such as the use of feed enzymes and fermentation treatment, etc., can improve the utilization level of palm and coconut, and it is believed that with the in-depth research of related products and application technology, these two unconventional feed resources will have a positive impact on alleviating the shortage of feed resources in China and promoting the sustainable development of China's feed industry.
For the import of coconut meal and palm meal, overseas feed manufacturers need to apply for the General Administration of Customs' export access list to China to legally export to China.