The ultimate radius of the universe is the Schwarzschild radius of the universe, that is, the final state of the universe is a giant black hole; Interestingly, the Schwarzschild radius of the universe is derived from the expansion of the universe, which is caused by the expansion of the universe through the energy provided by the loss of its own mass, which in turn forms the Schwarzschild radius of the universe.
Schwarzschild radius is a critical radius eigenvalue for any substance with mass. It is a very important concept in physics and astronomy, especially in the theory of universal gravity and general relativity. The existence of the Schwarzschild radius was first discovered by Carl Schwarzschild in 1916, and he found that this radius is an exact solution of the gravitational field of a spherically symmetrical, non-rotating object, and the Schwarzschild radius of an object is proportional to its mass.
The formula for the Schwarzschild radius is: r = 2mg c 2, r is the Schwarzschild radius of the celestial body, g is the gravitational constant, m is the mass of the celestial body, and c is the speed of light.
An object whose actual radius is less than its Schwarzschild radius is known as a black hole. On non-rotating black holes, the spherical surface formed by the Schwarzschild radius forms an event horizon (only for non-rotating black holes, the situation is slightly different for rotating black holes). Neither light nor particles can escape the sphere. That is, the photon cannot leave the spherical surface of the black hole, and the distance from the spherical photon to the center of the sphere is the radius of the black hole, that is, the Schwarzschild radius of the black hole.
The universe is expanding, the radius of the universe is increasing over time, the radius of the universe reaches the maximum, and the photons on the surface of the universe cannot escape the surface of the universe, and the universe forms a black hole with a definite radius. Photons cannot leave the surface of the universe, it can also be said that photons cannot leave the spherical surface of the universe, and at the same time, the universe no longer "propagated" outward, at this time, the distance from the photon on the spherical surface of the universe to the center of the sphere is the maximum radius of the universe, which is also the Schwarzschild radius of the universe. The conclusion I argued in my article "Scientifically Calculating the Maximum Radius of the Universe Using the Energy of Photons" is that the final radius of the universe is equal to the product of the mass at the beginning of the universe multiplied by the gravitational constant, divided by the square of the speed of light.
Mathematical description of the final radius of the universe: r = mg c 2, r is the final radius of the universe or the Schwarzschild radius of the universe, g is the gravitational constant, m is the mass at the beginning of the universe, and c is the speed of light.
The formation of black holes is the result of the collapse of massive stars, and according to the law of conservation of angular momentum, we can conclude that the angular velocity of the rotation of such black holes is extremely large. Therefore, the density of this type of black hole and the angular velocity of rotation are extremely large. The universe is formed by expansion, so the density and angular velocity of the cosmic black hole are extremely small.
The Schwarzschild radius is an exact solution of the gravitational field of a spherically symmetrical, non-rotating object, very similar to the final state of the universe. Since the ultimate state of the universe is that the radius reaches the maximum, the angular velocity of rotation tends to zero, and almost no rotation, the theoretical calculation of Schwarzschild radius of cosmic black holes and black holes is closer. Cosmic black holes and ordinary black holes are the same in that photons cannot escape their respective surfaces, the difference is that ordinary black holes are formed by collapse, cosmic black holes are formed by expansion, and ordinary black holes are extremely dense, and cosmic black holes are extremely dense.
Let's continue to analyze: the final radius of the universe (or Schwarzschild radius) is proportional to the mass of the beginning of the universe, and although the Schwarzschild radius of an ordinary black hole is also proportional to its mass, the Schwarzschild radius and mass of an ordinary black hole are twice as large as the Schwarzschild radius and mass of a cosmic black hole. In fact, the mechanism of the two is the same. The Schwarzschild radius of an ordinary black hole is formed by the mass of the ordinary black hole itself, while the Schwarzschild radius of a cosmic black hole is formed by the loss of half of the mass at the beginning of the universe. In other words, the cosmic black hole is also the mass of the universe when it formed the Schwarzschild radius, which is further analyzed and demonstrated as follows:
In my article "Using the Energy of Photons to Scientifically Calculate the Maximum Radius of the Universe", I argued and analyzed that photons are absolute energy particles, and the energy of photons is mc 2. The energy of the photon is the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy, and the potential energy of the photon inside the universe is very complex, but at the edge of the universe, the potential energy of the photon is only the gravitational potential energy, and the energy of the photon is equal to the sum of the gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy. Mathematical description: MC 2 = MC 2 2 + MGR, where M is the mass of the photon, C is the speed of light, G is the gravitational acceleration of the universe or the gravitational constant of the universe, and R is the final radius of the universe. Corollary: When the universe reaches its maximum radius of space, the gravitational potential energy of the photon is equal to the kinetic energy of the photon, that is, mgr= mc2 2.
The change of the universe is the process of transformation of mass and energy. According to Einstein's mass-energy equation e=mc 2, where e is energy, c is the speed of light, and m is the lost mass. When the mass loss of the universe is half of the mass at the beginning of the universe, the remaining mass of the universe must also move at the speed of light, and the remaining mass will also move at the speed of light, and there is no longer the transformation of mass and energy, the mass of the universe reaches the minimum value, the mass of the universe no longer decreases, and the space radius of the universe reaches the maximum, and this maximum value is the Schwarzschild radius of the universe. Using a photon on the surface of the universe, for this photon there must be a gravitational potential energy equal to the kinetic energy: mgr = mc 2 2, and the equation r= c 2 2g - (1) is obtained by simplifying it, where g is the gravitational constant of the universe. According to the law of gravitation, we can calculate the gravitational constant of the universe g=mg 2r 2 – (2), where g is the gravitational constant and m 2 is half the mass of the universe at the beginning. Simultaneous equations (1) and (2) are solved to obtain r=mg c 2. That is, the final radius of the universe is equal to the product of the mass at the beginning of the universe multiplied by the gravitational constant divided by the square of the speed of light.
Conclusion: The final radius of the universe, that is, the Schwarzschild radius of the universe, was formed by the loss of half of the mass at the beginning of the universe, revealing the reason for the expansion of the universe; The Schwarzschild radius of a black hole is formed by the existing mass of the black hole. Einstein's mass-energy equation tells us that mass loss can be converted into energy. The extremely massive universe expands itself by providing energy through the loss of its own mass, which in turn forms the Schwarzschild radius of the universe; Celestial bodies with less mass relative to the universe, such as massive stars, form their own Schwarzschild radius by shrinking in volume.