The antiphonal rhythm is an important rhythm of close poetry. For quatrains, there may or may not be a counterpoint. But the rhyme must have two couplets.
The poem consists of eight verses, which are divided into four couplets: the first couplet, the jaw couplet, the neck couplet, and the tail couplet. The jaw joint and the neck joint must be fought against each other (that is, except for the first and last two couplets, each joint must be opposed).
For example, the middle two couplets of Wang Wei's "Mountain Dwelling in Autumn" are very neat battle sentences:
After the new rain in the empty mountains, the weather is late in autumn. (First Link).
The bright moon shines among the pines, and the clear spring stone is upstream. (Jaw Coupling).
The bamboo noise returns to the Huannu, and the lotus moves the fishing boat. (Neck coupling).
Feel free to rest in spring, and the kings and grandchildren can stay. (tail link).
(1) The concept of confrontation
In literary rhetoric, there are corresponding sentences, dual sentences, and antiphonal sentences. The upper and lower sentences, as long as the number of words is equal and the rhythm of the sentence reading is the same, it is the corresponding sentence (such as: study hard, go up every day);
Add the corresponding words of speech to the part-of-speech pair, the phrase structure correspondence, and the sentence reading pair, that is, the dual sentence (e.g., the revolution has not yet succeeded, and the comrades still have to work hard);
In addition, the tone of this sentence is reversed, and the tone of the upper and lower sentences is opposed, it is a battle sentence. From the above, it can be seen that dual sentences and antiphonal sentences are two different concepts.
However, since each sentence of the metrical poem has already met the requirements of a flat tone, only in the metrical poem, the dual sentence is also the antiphonal sentence.
(2) The conditions for the battle
1.Duality of words
1) The number of words in the first and lower sentences is equal:
Such as: Jinsha water shoots the clouds and cliffs are warm, and the Dadu Bridge is cold. The previous sentence is seven words, and the next sentence is also seven words.
2) The rhythm of the first and second sentences is synchronized
For example, two yellow orioles are singing green willows, and a line of egrets is in the sky.
The rhythm of the previous sentence is: two - yellow oriole - song - green willow.
The rhythm of the next sentence is: one line - egret - upper - blue sky.
The rhythm of the first and second sentences is exactly the same.
3) The words or words corresponding to the upper and lower sentences, the parts of speech are right:
A class of speech refers to a generic of a word or a word. It is divided into nouns, pronouns, verbs, numerals, quantifiers, and adjectivesThere are six types of real words and six types of virtual words, such as conjunctions, adverbs, prepositions, particles, interjections, and onomatopoeia.
Each word has a fixed generic, and some words have different generics in different sentences. For example, the word "line" can be used as a noun (bank) (virtue), a verb (walking), an adjective (true line), and a measure word (a line). The category in which words and words are used in a sentence is called part of speech.
The part of speech sometimes coincides with the part of speech, and sometimes it is different. For example, the word "green" is divided into adjectives according to the class of words. In "lucid waters and lush mountains are in vain", its part of speech is an adjective;But in "the spring breeze and the south bank of the green river", its part of speech is a verb. In the battle, the words or words corresponding to the upper and lower sentences must be in line with each other, so that they can be neat. Even if it's a wide pair, it can't be too far apart.
For example, in the above example sentence, "two" and "one" are relative numbers;"Individual" and "line" are relative quantifiers;"Yellow" and "white" are adjectives relative;"Oriole" and "heron" are nouns relative;"Ming" and "Shang" are verbs relative;"Cui" and "green" are adjectives relative;"Willow" and "Heaven" are noun opposites. Therefore, "two yellow orioles singing green willows, a line of egrets in the blue sky" is a pair of work.
In the work pair, number words, color words, direction words, and special nouns can only be relative to each other. Contiguous words with different parts of speech can be paired, e.g., "grape" can be opposed to "splendid".
4) The phrases corresponding to the previous and lower sentences, the structure corresponds:
In the phrase structure, the common ones are the following:
Partial (fixed) structure - e.g., green leaves, withered grass, millennium;
Positive (moving) structure - e.g., laughing, flying, slowing;
Joint structures – e.g. sun and moon, red and green, walking;
Subject-verb structure – e.g. flowers bloom, people go, wind blows;
Moving-object structure - e.g., drinking, admiring snow, chanting poetry;
Dynamic and complementary structures - such as: look, fly, lift.
In "Two orioles singing green willows, a line of egrets in the blue sky", "two" and "one line" correspond, both of which are positive structures;"Yellow Oriole" and "Egret" correspond to each other, both of which are partial structures;"Ming" and "Shang" are both single-word words;"Cuiliu" and "Qingtian" are also positive structures. It can be seen that the structure of the corresponding phrases in the upper and lower sentences corresponds exactly.
When fighting, it is important to emphasize the structure of the phrase, otherwise it will cause the confrontation to be unsuccessful.
2.Opposing tones
1) In the upper and lower sentences, the words on the adjacent sound nodes are reversed
For example, in "Two Yellow Orioles Singing Green Willows", "individual" and "oriole" are words on the adjacent sound nodes of this sentence, and the tone is opposite. The tones of "Oriole" and "Emerald" are also reversed. If it is not the opposite, it is called "displacement." ”
2) The words on the corresponding sound nodes of the upper and lower sentences are in opposition to each other
Let's take the above example sentence as an example: in the above sentence "Two Yellow Orioles Singing Cui Willow", the four characters "individual", "bird", "cui", and "willow" are the words on the sound nodes, and their tones are 仄, ping, 仄, and 仄. In the next sentence "a line of egrets on the blue sky", the four words line, heron, qing, and sky are also words on the sound nodes, and their tones are flat, 仄, ping, and flat, which are the opposite of the tones of one, oriole, cui, and willow in the previous sentence.
This issue has already been discussed in Chapter 3 of Tone Rhythm, so I will not repeat it here.
(3) Types of battles
1) Flowing water pair: two sentences of coherent words up and down to form a battle. Such as: if you want to be poor, go to the next level.
2) This sentence is self-opposed: The upper and lower sentences are not opposed, but they have become self-defeating in this sentence. Such as: the breeze and the moonlit night, the water to make the flute. In the previous sentence, the breeze and the bright moon are opposed, and in the next sentence, the water and the flute are opposed, 3) Overlapping word pairs: such as: green grass, scorching flowers.
4) Cross pairs: such as: dense leaves, few flower branches, more tea and sparse wine cups. To sparse to dense, to more to less.
5) Pairs of shares: such as: six Xiangjiang water, Wushan a section of clouds. With a section to six paintings, Wushan to Xiangjiang.
6) Ruthless pair: The meaning of the upper and lower sentences is completely out of bounds, but it reads as if it were separated. For example: sweeping clouds and fog on a sunny day, yellow hair is safe.
7) Borrowing pairs: such as: residual spring red medicine in;All day long.
Zi" homonym "purple", "Zigui" to "red medicine", is a borrowed sound battle.
Another example: under the moon, in the ordinary place, seventy in the wind.
Eight feet is a search, two searches are a constant, and "seventy" is a battle against "ordinary".
Flowing water, overlapping words, crossing, and ruthlessness, because they still fully meet the conditions of conventional confrontation, so in the sense of the law, they are not just another kind of pairing. Only this sentence is self-right, stock exchange, and borrowing, although it is contrary to the requirements of conventional battles on the surface, but it is still a work pair, which can be regarded as a different kind of law.
In addition, the opposite part of the pair is a dual relationship, not a battle relationship, because their tones are not opposite, and from the overall point of view, the upper and lower sentences are opposites.
Theoretically speaking, there are many types of battles, so I will not continue to introduce them here.
(4) Taboo in battle
1. Do not close your hands. There are three types of gassho situations:
The first is the big gassho (sentence meaning gassho): that is, the upper and lower sentences have the same meaning.
Such as: lotus blossoms in Yudian, lotus flowers in China. The upper and lower sentences speak of the same meaning. It's called a big gassho.
The second is the small gassho (word meaning gassho): that is, the words or phrases of the upper and lower sentences corresponding to the subject and object have the same meaning.
Such as: Yudian is always good, and Shenzhou is new everywhere. Yudian and Shenzhou have the same meaning. This situation is called small gassho.
The third is the sound gassho (word sound gassho): that is, the pronunciation of the corresponding words in the upper and lower sentences is the same.
Such as: clear water to green mountains, clear, green homonym.
Hongye to safflower, macro, red homonym.
Winter is the same as Dongshan, winter and east.
2. Avoid irregular heavy words. For example, "the green mountains leave blue blood, and the clear water sends sad wind". "Bi" is an irregular heavy word.
(5) Unity of form and meaning, focusing on meaning
In the battle, we should strive for the perfect unity of content and form, and when it is difficult to unify, we should obey the content, and should not harm the meaning of the words for the sake of seeking the right work. Wang Anshi Youyun: "When mortals compose poems, they can't be confined to their subordinates." Wu Ke, a native of the Song Dynasty, also said: "All poems will be weak when they seek work." It is better not to work than to be weak." This shows that the predecessors have already had a deep understanding of this aspect.