Select the answer to the challenge on behalf of the question
In 1950, the Korean battlefield raged and US planes frequently circled the border, posing a serious threat to the security of our people. In order to defend national interests and ensure the safety of the people, the state leaders made a major decision to resist US aggression and aid Korea.
The volunteers braved the cold and resolutely crossed the Yalu River and threw themselves into the battle on the Korean battlefield.
In one year, the heroic fighting of the volunteers caused the "United **" led by the US army to be extremely heavy, and they were forced to retreat to the 38th parallel, and the battle line stabilized in the nearby area. Although the Korean war situation was stalemate for a long time after five battles, the US military did not expect to suffer heavy losses.
Retreating to the 38th parallel, to the surprise of the United States, the attempt to occupy all of Korea and burn to China was completely crushed. In order to get out as soon as possible, the United States had to negotiate an end to the Korean War, which took place in Kaesong, North Korea, on July 10, 1951.
Although the United States ostensibly intended to negotiate an armistice, the clarion call for an offensive never stopped. In this regard, the leaders of ** and other countries have long been mentally prepared. On December 14, 13 countries put forward a proposal for a "Korean armistice" that seemed to be beneficial to China and North Korea, but in essence, although the US military suffered a defeat, the military and ** did not collapse.
It is strange to propose an armistice at this time and not to allow China to participate in the discussion.
When the armistice proposal reached China, **Immediate Deputies** expressed their rejection. He issued a statement exposing that after the failure of its army's invasion of Korea, the United States proposed an armistice first and then talks, apparently in order to gain respite and then continue to wage war.
He stressed that if the foreign army does not withdraw from the DPRK and the internal affairs of the DPRK are resolved by the Korean people themselves, then any discussion of armistice talks is hypocritical. For this kind of means of the United States, ** has already prepared countermeasures.
He reminded North Korea: "The enemy may propose an armistice, but they must withdraw from North Korea and withdraw south of the 38th parallel in order to negotiate." "However, the war has created a situation that is not what China's leaders want to see.
Despite the disparity in equipment between the enemy and us, the volunteers still achieved battlefield superiority, which is indeed heroic. However, this does not guarantee a final victory. If both sides can cease the fighting in time, then ** may be reduced, which is not a bad thing.
So while we know that the United States is playing tricks, we still express our willingness to negotiate. ** instructed Wu Xiuquan to convey to the outside world that China ** did not refuse the willingness to negotiate, and put forward China's ** conditions for peace talks.
However, the armistice agreement was only a front, and the United States did not have any sincerity, so the armistice proposal could not be realized in the end.
As we all know, the Korean War ended in the form of armistice negotiations, which could not have been achieved without the wise decisions of the leaders and the heroic fighting of the soldiers. At that time, China's voice in the international community was still small, and in order to gain the political initiative, we had to cross the 38th parallel as soon as possible and not give the enemy a chance to breathe.
This means that we must launch a new campaign as soon as possible. Although the climate in North Korea was cold, and the first batch of soldiers who entered North Korea had not yet put on warm clothes and cotton shoes, they still stuck to their posts and resolutely completed their tasks.
Taking into account the political situation, the headquarters of the Volunteer Army still ordered to continue to advance southward, and after one battle after another, the "United **" was finally driven back to the 38th parallel from the Yalu River, creating good conditions for armistice negotiations.
The strategic center of gravity of the US military is Europe, and its goal is to confront the Soviet Union. In the Korean War, although the damage of the U.S. military outweighed the benefits, they still chose to negotiate because they could no longer burn the flames of war across the Yalu River.
At this time, on the Korean battlefield, the armies of the two sides were still fighting fiercely, and Truman could not pull the initiative to ask China for negotiations, so he could only seek the assistance of the Soviet Union.
On May 31, the U.S. adviser met with the Soviet Union's representative to the United Nations, Malik, and said that the U.S. was ready to discuss the Korean War with China, and was willing to restore the pre-war status.
My country quickly received this news and realized that we must seize this opportunity and make comprehensive preparations. Although the US military is at a disadvantage, if it fights for a long time, the gap in resources and equipment will cause heavy losses to our ** team.
For the US military, which has always been arrogant, choosing to negotiate a solution to the problem is a manifestation of admitting defeat. Therefore, this negotiation will certainly not be simple and full of difficult challenges.
** once pointed out: "It is not easy to make peace with them, the United States has always been arrogant, and if it can be unreasonable, it will not be reasonable, and if it can be reasonable, it will be forced to last resort." ”
To restore peace in the country and negotiate with the enemy, it is necessary to have a strong backing of power. There can be no negligence or weakness on the battlefield, because once you lose on the battlefield, the initiative at the negotiating table will be led by the nose.
It is necessary not only to win beautifully on the battlefield, but also to be able to skillfully use language and gain the upper hand at the negotiating table. * Having foreseen the unusualness of this negotiation for a long time, he sought *** as an assistant to direct and coordinate the upcoming negotiations.
The United States was the world's largest power at the time, and it had never been defeated, and this kind of adversary undoubtedly brought a lot of pressure. The two of them are well aware of the difficulties, the arrogant attitude of the United States, they can all predict it.
In order to take the initiative in negotiations, they need to cooperate on the battlefield and at the negotiating table. To this end, they start selecting negotiators early, but it is even more important to determine who will be in charge of the big problem.
Negotiation is another battlefield, although there is no gunsmoke, but it is no less brutal, and it is necessary to elect a battlefield commander who can control the overall situation. This person's responsibility is the people of the two countries, and for a moment everyone does not know who to nominate to go.
When the other leaders were still struggling, ** and *** had already determined the candidates, and the two old partners had a tacit understanding, believing that the other party was similar to the candidate in their hearts.
So, they write down their answers and exchange notes. In an instant, they all laughed, because they found that the different handwriting on the note was written with the same name - Li Kenong.
They don't have to say much about his merits because they have faith in him. As the vice minister, Li Kenong has rich experience in diplomacy and negotiations, and participated in the Xi'an Incident and the negotiations between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party.
His rigorous work style and on-the-spot adaptability made the two leaders choose him tacitly.
At the beginning of July, **found Li Kenong and asked him to assist him in the negotiation of the situation at the Juxiang Book House**. Li Kenong analyzed the negotiators one by one and gave advice to the chairman.
** To Li Kenong, he said, "I appoint you as the commander of Kaesong." The chairman's words deeply touched Li Kenong, and he felt the full trust of the country and the president in him.
Li Kenong did not respond immediately, he thought about his asthma, worried that he would suddenly have a seizure at the negotiating table, affecting his work, and how to return to the chairman? At this time, can you manage the team well?
Li Kenong was thinking in his heart, and his expression was also very entangled, which made *** wonder, didn't he want to go? However, Li Kenong has long been well aware of his character. Subsequently, Li Kenong took the initiative to explain his illness to the chairman and asked: "Can you send Wu Xiuquan and Ji Pengfei to lead?" ”
**After careful consideration, he decided that no one was more suitable for this position than Li Kenong, and said: "It's still you." Li Kenong did not refuse, he said firmly: "I am ready to go immediately!" ”
The armistice negotiations lasted two years and 17 days, and it was the first time in China's modern history that an agreement was signed with a Western country on an equal footing over the war. The negotiation process was tortuous and arduous, with the war lasting more than three years and the armistice negotiations going on for more than two years.
This is truly one of the great wonders of modern diplomatic history, with no step at the negotiating table and fighting raging outside the negotiating arena. The two sides talked and talked while fighting, and almost every day there were small meetings, the venue was changed, the negotiations were interrupted, and even 58 meetings of the delegations of the two sides were held.
The negotiators were frustrated with nowhere to vent when confronted with cunning American diplomats. The United States relied on its strong military strength and advanced military strength to make difficulties and be unreasonable everywhere during this period, and there were also many frictions between the two sides.
On July 6, Li Kenong, Qiao Guanhua and others arrived at the warm reception of the DPRK leader and quickly held urgent consultations to determine the official representative for the armistice talks.
Li Kenong will preside over the negotiations, with Qiao Guanhua as an assistant. After consultation with all parties, it was finally decided to negotiate in Laifengzhuang, and the team members were mainly composed of outstanding talents in the army, and they were full of fighting spirit.
However, the negotiating table does not require force, but wisdom and determination. Li Kenong must not only get acquainted with everyone, but also consider the various problems that may arise. After entering North Korea, he was under a lot of physical and mental pressure and had lost a lot of weight.
He cautioned the members of the delegation that they must pay attention to the issue of negotiation tactics, since both sides had experienced war and were burdened with hatred between their own countries. He repeatedly stressed that negotiations are like fighting a war, but this war is a civil war, not a military war.
On July 10, Laifengzhuang had been transformed into a negotiation hall, and representatives of both sides were sitting on both sides of the table. The chief representative of the United States spoke first, putting forward a nine-item agenda item on the negotiations, but no longer mentioning a return to the pre-war status quo.
Then, Nam Ri, the chief representative of China and the DPRK, put forward a three-point principled proposal put forward by Li Kenong, one of which was to use the "38th parallel" as the demarcation line, and the armed forces of the two sides should each retreat 10 kilometers to restore the status quo ante before the war.
However, the United States is clearly not going to easily agree to this approach, as they see it as an admission of defeat.
Let planes, artillery and machine guns do the debate! "This kind of behavior is obviously coercion and inducement. Li Kenong immediately reported the situation to *** and made it clear that the issue of troop withdrawal must be adhered to.
The two sides argued endlessly over the withdrawal of troops, and neither side would budge. Unable to get the desired results at the negotiating table, the US side really threatened with planes and artillery, and even carried out many military provocations and bombings.
The enemy made frequent provocations, but did not succeed as he wished. In just two months, although the enemy army occupied 646 square kilometers, it paid the price of more than 100,000 people. Even with the use of armed forces, only 120,000 square kilometers.
The reversal of the situation on the battlefield led to the number of ** rising to 250,000 people, and the enemy army was in a difficult situation. Faced with an unfavorable situation, the American side was forced to return to the negotiating table. On October 25, the two sides continued negotiations at the new site in Panmunjom.
Although the US side is at a disadvantage, it has taken an arrogant attitude and kept silent in the face of questions or communications from the representatives of China and the DPRK. Harrison, the chief representative of the US side, used the right to adjourn the meeting granted by Truman more frequently and blatantly showed a non-cooperative attitude.
Soon after, the US side did not choose to adjourn the meeting, but chose to respond in silence, and the venue reached a deadlock. No matter what the representatives of China and the DPRK said, the other side did not react.
Our representatives were furious and fell silent. There was silence in the venue, and everyone waited for each other to bow their heads first. Chief of Staff Chai Chengwen saw the tense atmosphere in the room and immediately sought out Li Kenong to find a way to deal with it.
Li Kenong's face was heavy, he tore a piece of paper and wrote down three words, and handed it to Chai Chengwen. Chai Chengwen returned to the venue with the note and passed it to everyone. These three words instantly swept away everyone's irritability, and they cheered up and confronted each other silently.
In the end, the U.S. side was defeated, and the meeting could have been silent for a record time.
Li Kenong's wisdom and courage in the negotiation convinced the other party. He knows that negotiation is not only a skill, but also a strategy. He skillfully used the method of prolonging the meeting to play the US delegates between applause, and finally won the victory.
However, his success was not without its challenges. Due to the intensity of his work, he was only able to squeeze out an hour of rest every day, which also led to a serious deterioration in his physical condition.
Despite his physical illness, he continued to work because he knew that his efforts were at stake for the fate of the soldiers and the countless people of China. **After learning of his illness, he immediately sent Wu Xiuquan to North Korea to take over his work.
Wu Xiuquan looked at this old friend distressedly, although he was only 10 years older than himself, he was already exhausted by illness. Wu Xiuquan persuaded him to go back to recuperate quickly, but he insisted on continuing to work because he couldn't live up to the trust of *** and ***.
Li Kenong shook his head with a smile and said, "If you don't change the general, although I am not in good health, you have to start from scratch if you take over, which is not conducive to the negotiation." My body can still hold on, I don't need to change people for the time being, you came just in time, and you can help me.
If I really can't bear it, you can go up to it. Wu Xiuquan had no choice but to stay in North Korea and work while taking care of Li Kenong. The struggle at the negotiating table has become more and more intense, and the US side has repeatedly opened its mouth.
At each meeting, everyone felt that they had walked around the tip of the knife, and the meeting was intermittent, and the two sides were at a stalemate again. On October 8, the US representative unilaterally announced an indefinite adjournment of the meeting, and the arrogant attitude of the other side made China and the DPRK irritable, but the overall situation can only be endured for now.
It was not until the enemy's crushing defeat in the Battle of Shangganling that the United States once again realized that the Korean War could not bring benefits, and could only go to the negotiating table again. After a lapse of six months and 18 days, the two sides resumed the negotiation meeting again, and finally resolved the most difficult issue of the repatriation of prisoners of war.
That night, **personally called** to express condolences to all delegations. At 10 a.m. on July 27, 1953, the signing ceremony of the armistice agreement was held at Panmunjom.
Over the years, the outside has been staggered with wars, and the inside has been at loggerheads. Li Kenong's gray hair and emaciated body mean that he is under great pressure, but fortunately, he lives up to expectations!