The test has a wide range of test points, including politics, law, economy, humanities, geography, science and technology, life, etc., which requires long-term and uninterrupted accumulation of partners. The test point related to general knowledge brought to you today is "100 schools of thought in cultural common sense".
1. TaoismDuring the Spring and Autumn Period, Lao Tzu collected the great wisdom of the ancient sages, summarized the essence of Taoist thought, and formed the moral theory of "doing nothing, doing nothing", marking that Taoist thought has been formally formed. 1. Lao Tzu was a figure in the late Spring and Autumn Period, the founder of the Taoist school, and was posthumously regarded as the ancestor of the surname Li by the emperor of the Tang Dynasty. Its main idea is "Tao", "Tao" is the origin of all things, showing objective idealism, and at the same time Lao Tzu believes that everything is opposites and unified, and the characteristics of "Tao" are natural and inaction, advocating to be quiet and weak. In Fang**, he shows a wealth of naïve dialectical thoughts, recognizing that there are two contradictory and opposing aspects of things, and the two opposing sides can transform each other. Politically, Lao Tzu advocated the rule of inaction and teaching without words. He is the author of the Tao Te Ching, also known as Lao Tzu. Appreciation of famous sentences]: 1. "It is better to keep the middle than to say a lot of poverty" 2. "If you are not virtuous, you will not fight the people; Inexpensive and rare goods, so that the people will not be thieves" 3, "Heaven and earth are not benevolent, and all things are dogs" 4, "For the sake of the future, the cure is not chaotic" 5, "The journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step" 6, "The voice of the chicken and the dog is heard, and the old and the dead do not get along" 7, "If you want to be weak, you will be strong; If you want to abolish it, you will consolidate it" 8, "One life is two, two is three, and three is all things" 9, "Good is like water" 2, Zhuangzi The representative of the Taoist school during the Warring States Period, after Lao Tzu, is called "Lao Zhuang" together with Lao Tzu. He advocated obedience to the way of heaven, abandoning "artificiality", abandoning the "pseudo" impurities in human nature, and achieving a state of "quiet and inaction", and put forward a "leisurely" attitude towards life. It was the first to elaborate the ideological concept of "the unity of heaven and man", which was later developed into a philosophical system of the unity of heaven and man by Dong Zhongshu, a Confucian scholar in the Han Dynasty, and thus constructed the main body of traditional Chinese culture. He is the author of "Zhuangzi" also known as "Nanhua Jing", after the Han Dynasty, respect Zhuangzi as a real person in Nanhua, and his book and "Laozi" and "Zhou Yi" are collectively called "Sanxuan". Famous articles include "Getaway", "Theory of Things", "Health Master", etc., and the idioms in the works include "Dong Shi Xiaofeng", "Handan Walk", "Ku Ding Jie Niu", "Zhuang Zhou Dream Butterfly", "Pengcheng Wanli" and so on. 3. Huang Lao's thought Huang Lao's study began in the Warring States period, flourished in the Western Han Dynasty, respected the thoughts of the Yellow Emperor and Lao Tzu, and adopted the views of yin and yang, Confucianism, law, and ink. In the social and political field, Huang Laozhixue emphasized the "Tao Shengfa", advocated that "right and wrong are divided, judged by the law, listened quietly and carefully, and used the law as a conformity", and believed that the monarch should "rule by inaction", "save harsh things, be thinly endowed, and do not seize the people". In the early days of the Western Han Dynasty, the ruling ideology was "rule by inaction", and the policy of "rest and recuperation" was implemented, and the "rule of Wenjing" appeared. Second, the Mohists1. Representative figure The Mojia family was born in the Warring States Period, and the founder was Mozi. Mozi is the only philosopher born as a peasant in Chinese history, Mozi founded the Mohist doctrine, which had a great influence in the pre-Qin period, and was called "Xianxue" together with Confucianism. This school of thought put forward the views of "concurrent love", "non-offensive", "sage" and "thrift", with love as the core, and thrift and sage as the fulcrum, and politically advocated sage, sage, and non-attack; Economically, it advocates conservation; Ideologically, he put forward the idea of respecting heaven and ghosts, and at the same time put forward the idea of "non-life", emphasizing relying on his own strength. The book "The Book of Ink" contains a wealth of knowledge about mechanics, optics, geometry, engineering and technology, and the basic elements of modern physics and mathematics. In the Book of Ink, there are discussions on forces, the balance of force systems, and simple mechanisms such as levers and inclined planes; The observation and study of the imaging of small holes and the imaging of plane, concave and convex mirrors are recorded, and the book was written earlier than the ancient Greek Euclid's Geometric Primitives, but the content is much richer. 3. LegalismThe political slogan of the Legalists is:"Rule by the law", "Don't be close to each other, don't be noble, break off the law", "The monarch and the ministers are all from the law", "The law is not expensive, the rope is not bent", "The punishment does not avoid the minister, and the reward is not spared" and so on. 1. Li Kui, a representative figure of Legalism in the Warring States Period, implemented Li Kui's reform of the law, and was the earliest reformer, who implemented the policy of "doing his best" and "being good at peace" in the economy, and his idea of combining "heavy agriculture" and "rule of law" had a great impact on Shang Yang and Han Fei. The book "Book of Law" is the first relatively complete code of law in ancient China, and there are six articles in "Book of Law": theft law, thief law, net law, arrest law, miscellaneous law, and law. 2. Shang Ying, a representative figure of Legalism during the Warring States Period, and a descendant of the monarch of the country. The main contents of the Shang Dynasty reform are: the establishment of a new type of military merit system to motivate soldiers to fight bravely to kill the enemy; rewarded cultivation and weaving, ensuring that there was sufficient grain and grass in the rear of the Qin State; A new law was enacted so that the people could perform their duties and keep to themselves. He is the author of books such as "The Book of Shang Jun" and "Qin Law". 3. Han Fei's book "Han Feizi" is a collection of works by the famous thinker Han Fei during the Warring States Period, which records a large number of popular fables, including "self-contradiction", "waiting for the rabbit", "indiscriminate filling" and so on. [Note]: "Han Feizi" and "Shang Junshu" advocate the rule of law. Han Fei's comprehensive "law", cautious "potential" and "technique" of Shen Bu harm are the culmination of Legalist ideology and theory, emphasizing agriculture and suppressing business, and severely punishing and harsh laws. [Expansion]: "Lu Xing" is the first written code in China, and it is also the earliest criminal law document in China. Fourth, the soldiersRepresentative figures: Sun Wu, Sun Bin, etc. Representative works: "The Art of War", "The Art of War". Mainly in the military field of great achievements, "know oneself and know the enemy, a hundred battles will not be defeated", "will be outside the king's life will not be affected" and other military sayings are from the soldiers. Fifth, the vertical and horizontal familyRepresentative figures: Su Qin, Zhang Yi. During the Warring States Period, a group of strategists engaged in political activities lobbied the monarchs of various countries with the methods of examining the current situation and stating their interests and disadvantages, and lobbied the monarchs of various countries with the propositions of "joint vertical" and "continuous horizontal", which had a certain impact on the situation at that time. Sixth, the masterRepresentative figure: Gongsun Long. Representative work: "Gongsun Longzi". White horses are not horses, is a famous logical question raised by Gongsun Long, from "Gongsun Longzi White Horse Theory". 7. MiscellaneousLü Buwei, who was also the prime minister of the Qin State, was honored as the "middle father", and presided over the compilation of the book "Lü's Spring and Autumn Period" (also known as "Lü Lan"), which brought together the doctrines of various schools of the pre-Qin period. Buxianyang City Gate, hanging a thousand gold on it, extending the princes and travelers guests have the ability to increase the loss of a word to give a thousand gold. —A thousand words of gold from the "Historical Records: The Biography of Lü Buwei". Brushing questions to consolidate1. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there was a good atmosphere of a hundred schools of thought contending in culture, and many schools of thought appeared. The following statements about the representative figures of various schools and their writings and thoughts are correct: ( ) a, Mozi ---Mozi" -- strict punishment and strict law, rule of law b, Confucius ---Analects" -- benevolence loves others, and virtue is used for government c. Lao Tzu --- Lao Tzu" -- heaven and man are combined.
1. Quiet and inaction d. Sun Wu --- Sun Tzu's Art of War"--Knowing oneself and knowing one's opponent, winning all battles Answer: d [Analysis] This question examines human history. A wrong, Mozi, the founder of the Mohist school, a famous thinker and scientist during the Warring States Period, is the author of "Mozi". On behalf of the interests of the civilian class, he proposed"And love""Non-offensive""Sanghyun""Economical use"and other points of view. The Legalists advocated that the monarch should rely on decrees, power, and power to subjugate his subjects, and that he represented the interests of the emerging landlord class. Han Fei at the end of the Warring States period was the master of Legalism, he opposed empty talk of benevolence and righteousness, emphasized the rule of law, established the authority of the monarch, and established **centralized power** rule. B is false, Confucius was a thinker and educator in the Spring and Autumn Period, the founder of Confucianism, and his core ideas are"Benevolence"，"Benevolence"The connotation is"The benevolent love others", that is, to be loving and compassionate; Confucius also advocated"Politics and morality", that is, the ruler conforms to the will of the people, cherishes the people's strength, and governs the country through moral influence that leads by example. After the death of Confucius, his ** and his re-transmission ** recorded the words, deeds, quotations and thoughts of Confucius and all his **, and compiled them into the Confucian classic "Analects". The Analects was not written by Confucius. C error, Lao Tzu, a native of the late Spring and Autumn Period, the founder of the Taoist school, is the author of "Lao Tzu" (also known as "Tao Te Ching"). The main categories of Lao Tzu's thought are:"tract", advocating inaction and quiet inaction. "Heaven and man are one"The concept of thought was first proposed by Zhuangzi. D item is correct, Sun Wu, the word Changqing, a native of Qi in the late Spring and Autumn Period, a famous military strategist and politician, honored as Sun Tzu (Sun Wuzi), also known as"Soldiers are holy""The division of the Hundred Soldiers""The originator of Oriental military science"。He is the author of the masterpiece "The Art of War" thirteen articles, which was respected by later generations of military artists and is known as"The Holy Book of Military Science"。"Know each other and know yourself, and you will not be defeated in a hundred battles"From "Sun Tzu's Art of War: Attacking Chapter", it means that if you know the other party and know yourself, you will not be defeated in a hundred battles. Hereafter"Know each other and know yourself, and you will not be defeated in a hundred battles"Development as:"Know yourself and your opponent, and win all battles", the connotation of the two is the same. Therefore, the correct answer is d.