The history of 5,000 years is reduced to 20 pages, with 6 people running through, and the American textbook is unknown
At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the Miao people of the Lu State produced a Confucius named Zhongni. Confucius was diligent and studious since childhood, well-read, and studied the six arts. He believed that the society was chaotic at that time, and the people's hearts were not ancient, so it was necessary to educate the people's hearts and establish an ideal society. Therefore, Confucius set up special schools and enrolled a large number of students to disseminate his political ideas by teaching poetry, calligraphy, rituals, music, change, and the six arts of the Spring and Autumn Period.
i.Confucius blazed a trail and a hundred schools of thought contended.
Confucius asserted"A gentleman carries things with virtue"He believes that the ruler does not rely on severe punishment and deterrence of violence, but on benevolence, righteousness, diligence and wisdom. He believes that in order for a country to have long-term peace and stability, the ruler must be of high moral character and must be benevolent to the people. He opposed customs such as changing the law to become strong and sacrificing ghosts and gods for good fortune, and advocated the use of the ritual system to regulate interpersonal relations. Confucius had a rough life, traveling around the world and spreading his ideas, but he was not appreciated by the king. However, his doctrine gradually became the mainstream of thought in later generations and had a profound impact on Chinese history.
Confucius proposed the Hundred Schools of Zhuzi during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and developed the Hundred Schools of Zhuzi on this basis. He established the dominance of Confucianism in China.
Confucius opposed conformism and advocated"Harmony and difference"is a pioneer of independent thinking. He advocated"There is no class to teach", emphasizing the importance of knowledge. Confucius's teaching was eclectic, and his students became masters of the time.
Confucius was open-minded and insightful, and his ideas of benevolent government continue to inspire people today. The many moral norms he established have become the unique spiritual identity of the Chinese nation. As a great thinker, Confucius laid the cornerstone of Chinese culture and had a decisive influence on China's development path. The emancipation of the mind advocated by him provided ideological resources for the reform of later generations, enabling the gradual development of Chinese civilization.
Qin Shi Huang unified the six kingdoms and laid the foundation of the imperial system.
Qin Shi Huang, whose name is Yingzheng, was the founding emperor of the Qin Dynasty. In the early years of the Qin Dynasty, the state was strong, and under the rule of the mighty Qin Zhuang Xiang and Qin Zhaoxiang kings, the Qin Dynasty gradually unified the six kingdoms. After Ying Zheng ascended the throne, he began a series of foreign conquests, successively destroying the six kingdoms of Han, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan, and Qi, and finally unified China in 221 BC, establishing the first centralized social state of workers, peasants, and merchants.
Qin Shi Huang abolished the feudal system and established a unified administrative system based on the county system. He introduced conspiracy laws, severely punished rebels, and strengthened administration. He also unified money, weights and measures, and writing, and established a unified economic way of life throughout the country.
Qin Shi Huang built the Great Wall and established a defense system. In order to crack down on dissident thoughts, he strictly ordered the burning of books and Confucianism. Qin Shi Huang established the basic political model of China's 2,000-year-old feudal dynasty.
Qin Shi Huang used heavy-handed means to break ** and establish a unified empire. Although Qin Shi Huang was harsh, he ended the war, established the rule of law, and made important contributions to China's development. The Qin Dynasty consolidated the centralization of power and laid the foundation for the unification of China. Qin Shi Huang carried out drastic social reforms that had a profound impact on the course of Chinese history. The imperial system he implemented experienced many ups and downs in its more than 2,000-year history, and eventually became the mainstream political form of the Chinese nation.
Third, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty's exclusive respect for Confucianism had a profound impact on the consolidation of imperial power.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Liu Che, was the seventh emperor of the Western Han Dynasty. He was a hard-working young man, and after he ascended the throne, he selected talents and abilities, and worked hard. He carried out a series of political, economic, and military reforms to strengthen imperial power, promote production, and consolidate border defenses.
Promulgated by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty"Penn"order, restore the power of the princes and kings. He promulgated the Law on Equalizing Land to reduce the burden on peasants and promote agricultural production. He also sent Zhang Qian as an envoy to the Western Regions to open up the Silk Road and develop foreign affairs. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the state simplified and consolidated the ** institutions and adopted a policy of recuperation. In terms of ideology and culture, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty respected Confucianism and established Taixue, making Confucianism an orthodox ideology and having a profound impact on Chinese history.
During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he organized many expeditions to the north and west to expel the Xiongnu and stabilize the northern border. He also adopted the Tuntian policy, encouraging soldiers to reclaim the frontier after demobilization. These military and economic measures strengthened the overall strength of the country. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the country's strength reached its peak, and the frontier also reached its historical peak. The Han Dynasty's achievements in expanding its territory made it the most powerful state in the East.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was adept at using legal means to consolidate imperial power, but he wisely adopted Confucianism to stabilize the administrative order. The privileged position of Confucianism is the ideological basis of centralization. A series of reforms implemented by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty consolidated the monarchical rule of the Western Han Dynasty and ensured the prosperity of the Han Dynasty for two centuries. The form of government implemented by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty became a model for later feudal dynasties.
Fourth, the foundation of the Tang Dynasty was laid during the reign of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty.
Tang Taizong, also known as Li Shimin, was the founding emperor of the Tang Dynasty. After Li Shimin ascended the throne, he implemented an enlightened policy of civil rule. He appointed talents, recruited Wei Zheng and other important ministers, and implemented enlightened and progressive policies, which promoted the prosperity of the Tang Dynasty.
During the reign of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, great economic, political, military, and cultural developments were made. He adopted a foreign policy of friendly relations with neighboring countries, resumed commercial contacts with the Turks, lightened the burden on the border peoples, and maintained good-neighborly relations with the countries of the Quartet.
During the reign of Tang Taizong for 17 years, the country was prosperous, strong and harmonious. This period is known as the rule of Zhenguan, and the economy and culture flourished, laying the foundation for the Tang Dynasty. Tang Taizong took"Outbred and close attack"strategy to mitigate the threat from the north by uniting the Turkic tribes of the East and West. He also advocated"Determine the country by text"It is necessary to improve the status of the imperial examinations, reuse talents, and strengthen cultural education.
Tang Taizong paid attention to improving and implementing the penal system, codifying laws, and promoting charity policies. In the century that followed, the Tang Dynasty continued to maintain a strong national power and culture. During this period, the international status of the Tang Dynasty was incomparably improved, and exchanges with foreign countries were frequent, which was praised"Ha Thanh Hai Yan, Da Nang tranquility, gold and silver treasures, the Son of Heaven for ten thousand years"。
Wu Zetian's five-dynasty reign set a precedent for consolidating the prosperity of the Sui and Tang dynasties.
Wu Zetian, formerly known as Wu Meiniang, was the only female emperor in Chinese history. She was originally married to Tang Gaozong, who doted on her very much. As Tang Gaozong became old, Wu Zetian gradually participated in court politics and raised his son Li Xian** to become Tang Gaozong's heir. After the death of Tang Gaozong, Wu Zetian deposed his two sons and ascended to the throne in 690.
During Wu Zetian's reign, he combined benevolent government with authoritarian power, amended laws, rectified the bureaucracy, and adopted a series of measures to improve agricultural production, thereby stabilizing the political situation. He reused the virtuous minister Zhang Hanzhi, implemented a pro-people policy, and prepared to let Li Longji, the grandson of Li Xian, succeed him. Although Wu Zetian was a woman in feudal society, she was a pioneer of female rule and showed extraordinary political talent.
Wu Zetian's ascension to power as a woman in a feudal society is a historic achievement in itself. Wu Zetian's emphasis on choice, open-mindedness, and progress lasted the Tang Dynasty for a century. He consolidated the political system of the Sui and Tang dynasties and laid the foundation for the longest reign of the Tang dynasty.
Zheng He, the hero of the Chinese navy, made seven voyages to the West.
Zheng He, formerly known as Ma Sanbao, was in charge of the country in the early Ming Dynasty. He was ordered by Ming Chengzu to travel across the ocean, and went to the Western Ocean seven times before and after, covering many port cities in Asia, Africa and Europe. Zheng He's voyage to the West was a large-scale voyage, which not only strengthened Sino-foreign exchanges, but also greatly increased China's influence abroad.
Zheng He was a very intelligent, brave and bold man. With his outstanding diplomatic skills and talents, he has fulfilled one mission after another and raised China's reputation abroad. Zheng He's fleet visited dozens of countries in Asia, Africa and Europe, greatly broadening the vision of the Chinese. Zheng He's voyage to the West showed China's leading position in seafaring technology.
Zheng He's pioneering spirit in the West had a positive impact on later generations. He introduced China's advanced technology and culture to the world and promoted the exchange of Eastern and Western civilizations. The large number of translators in Zheng He's fleet laid the foundation for the spread of the Chinese language in Southeast Asia. Zheng He's seven voyages to the West were an important step for the Chinese nation to enter the world stage.
As witnesses of Chinese history, these six historical figures have all had a profound impact on the course of Chinese history. They appeared at different times in Chinese history, promoted historical changes, and opened a new chapter. The authors of American textbooks chose these six people as representatives of Chinese history, reflecting their understanding of the nature of Chinese history. Compressing 5,000 years of Chinese history into 20 pages is not only an expression of the rich connotation and profundity of Chinese civilization, but also a manifestation of the rich connotation and profundity of Chinese civilization. These six great historical figures illustrate the historical context of China's splendid culture.