If this supervision makes him inspect the frontier and stop at the important frontier areas, and asks him to deal with local affairs as appropriate, and temporarily have full control over them, he will become a temperance envoy.
The festival is a kind of all-entitlement seal at that time, and those who receive this all-entitlement can be dispatched with full power, so it is called the festival degree.
In its territory, the Jiedu envoy could command the military, manage the finances, and even the power to employ people in the region, and it was also controlled by the Jiedu, so it became a "feudal town".
Moreover, the Tang Dynasty's frontier festival envoys gradually promoted martial artists, so a kind of military division was formed.
The original intention was to centralize power, but the evolution was extreme, but it became a big tail.
Excerpted from the second lecture of Qian Mu's "Political Gains and Losses in China in the Past Dynasties" "The ** Organization of the Tang Dynasty".
The ultimate of the Tang Dynasty's patrol system was the festival envoy.
Before the Han Dynasty, the official name was to see whether there were Chinese characters and whether there were historical characters. After the Tang Dynasty, it depends on whether there is a word. There is a ** who makes words, even if the official character is not high, the power is also prominent.
And the festival envoy is even more incredible, it is the highest level of the envoy, and he has great power.
As Mr. Qian Mu said, "The festival is a kind of all-entent-powered seal at that time, and those who receive this all-entitlement seal can dispatch it with full authority, so it is called the festival envoy." ”
Sections, also known as symbols, are the documents used by the imperial court to convey orders, recruit and transfer troops, and be used for various affairs. It is made of different materials such as gold, copper, jade, horn, bamboo, wood, lead, etc., and both sides hold half of it, and it is difficult to combine it with true or false.
The so-called festival or symbol festival is what the folk call the tiger charm. Of course, the Tiger Talisman is only one type of Talisman.
Today, we call diplomats diplomatic envoys, and this word is the ancient meaning.
Degree is the degree branch, scheduling. The envoy is the imperial order**, the minister of the Imperial Mission.
It can be seen that the Jiedu envoy is a military and political supervisor with three powers.
As Mr. Qian Mu said, "If this inspector makes an inspection of the frontier and stops at the important frontier points, he is required to deal with local affairs as appropriate, and has full authority over them temporarily, he will become a temperance envoy." ”
The festival envoy is actually the supervision, but because the patrol is a national defense important place and a frontier town, it has more power than the envoys of the fifteenth province. Fifteen supervision**, or called patrol envoys, or according to the inspection envoys, or called observation envoys, are all patrol **, even if they later become substantive magistrates, they only have supervision and administrative powers, and initially had no substantive military power.
Later, it became a promiscuity, and that was also because the rules were broken by moderation.
The moderation makes this kind of official position, once it appears, a very strange exception, in addition to the control of administrative power and supervision power, but also the control of military power in a place.
According to the "New Tang Dynasty Book: Hundred Official Chronicles", "Emperor Wen of Sui opened the emperor, abolished the county as a state, and unified the county with the state." Tang Chengsui system. At the beginning of Gaozu Wude, the governor of the border was placed to lead the army, and the plus envoy held the festival, and the task of the history of the Han assassination. ”
Gaozu refers to Tang Gaozu Li Yuan, Li Shimin's father. Wude was the first era name used by Li Yuan. The so-called Wude Chu, it was a special period when the princes rose up and the world was in turmoil, and there were more than 200 anti-Sui rebel armies in the country.
Think about it, this Emperor Yang of Sui really created a miracle, he was able to make everyone in the world feel that he could rebel, and he really did it, and if someone really did it, he did it. This matter is worth summarizing by historians, and it is even more worthy of thinking about by careerists.
Li Yuan was not the first to rise up to rebel, in addition to his popularity, he actually didn't have much strength. But this man is ambitious, he dares to think and dare to do. Seeing that there were more than 200 rebel troops in the country, he realized that the general trend of the Sui Dynasty was gone and the opportunity was not easy to come by, so he decided to take advantage of it and play a little rhythm of his own.
The first step is to borrow a boat and go to sea. In the name of the Sui Dynasty, Li Yuan raised the banner of suppressing the rebellion, and naturally got the consent of Emperor Suiyang. In the second step, he immediately began to recruit troops, and immediately responded to the crowd. In the third step, he drove Emperor Yang of Sui to become the emperor, and appointed his son Yang Yu as the emperor, and Li Yuan himself became the prime minister, and was named the king of Tang, with Wude Hall as the prime minister's mansion.
Later, Li Yuan took Wude as his year name. At that time, there were fourteen emperors in the country.
It was this Li Yuan who made this festival envoy. Although the "New Tang Dynasty Book" says that it is similar to the history of assassination in the Han Dynasty, in fact, it is much more powerful than the history of assassination, because the command of the army is the power of the army.
There's no way around it. Hundreds of rebel troops across the country, dozens of people set themselves up as emperors. If Li Yuan wants to be eliminated one by one, I am afraid that he will not be able to complete it for the rest of his life. So, he came up with a solution.
There can only be one emperor, but there can be many princes. After all, time has passed, and it is inappropriate to engage in another feudalism now. We can be flexible, we don't call the princes the envoys, and all the power is still in your hands.
He also knew that this matter must not be done like the ancient feudal system, otherwise, he would become a loner. Therefore, he adopted some methods, generally those with small power will be given the position of state assassin, and those with large power will be given the position of jiedu.
But the festival envoy cannot be in the core area, but must have a name, that is, to guard the frontier.
The Tang Dynasty set up a road, but also Li Yuan inherited the Sui system, and the Sui is different is that the border state, there are envoys, within the border defense, set up a road, each province has a general, named the metropolitan governor. After arriving in Yonghui, all those who supervise and hold festivals are called festival envoys.
This is the origin of the festival envoys.
The festival made the system flood in the hands of Wu Zetian. Her son, Li Dan, placed a festival envoy in all the border fortresses. When he arrived at Tang Suzong Li Heng, he simply stabbed all the state thorns and was also envoyed by the festival.
This is tantamount to giving military power and administrative power to the power of supervision, and the three powers are one.
There were more than 300 states in the entire Tang Dynasty, which is equivalent to having more than 300 princes or more than 300 kings.
Our history books have always said how wise Li Yuan was and how wise Li Shimin was. How is Wu Zetian. Frankly speaking, as far as the Tang Dynasty set up this festival envoy, I think they should really study hard and study why the Northern and Southern Dynasties practiced the separation of powers. It should also be studied carefully how the feudal era collapsed.
Even if they didn't read about this **, the Sui Dynasty would make more than 200 rebel armies, and they should understand that military power must be well controlled and cannot be taken lightly.
Even if it later caused a big disaster, that is, the Anshi Rebellion, the disaster was that the power of the Jiedu Envoy was too great, of course, to quell the Anshi Rebellion, the Jiedu Envoy also played a big role.
In the end, the Tang Dynasty still died on the Jiedu envoy.
Mr. Qian said, "In his territory, he could command the military, manage the finances, and even the power of employing people in the region was also controlled by the Jiedu, so it became a 'feudal town'." Moreover, the Tang Dynasty's frontier festival envoys gradually promoted martial artists, so a kind of military division was formed. The original intention was to centralize power, but the evolution was extreme, but it became a big tail. ”
Objectively speaking, the festival since the beginning of the Tang Dynasty has its historical reasons. Later, these reasons were not carefully analyzed, and the hidden dangers were not prevented, and even magnified this hidden danger out of the need for centralization, which is the core.
Historians seem to agree that the Tang Dynasty in history is the best dynasty, and I think that the Tang Dynasty is the one with the weakest control over power.
A great dynasty was ruined by the system of the integration of military and political powers.