Everyone knows that ** loves to read history all his life, and has left many annotations and comments on ancient books such as "Twenty-four History" and ancient poems for future generations. According to statistics, ** has commented on more than 100 historical figures in his life, and his old man's views are often unique, and he can find out the shining points from a person's complicated life, such as evaluating the king of Shang Xuan "Shang Wen Nengwu" and "very capable"; commented that Cao Cao was a "great politician and military strategist"; commented on Zhuge Liang's "Longzhong Pair", "thousands of miles away and divided into two forces,......Ann is undefeated. Now it seems that these views are not surprising, but before *** was proposed, how many people had this evaluation?
Looking at the more than 100 historical figures evaluated by ***, only eight can be called famous generals, so let's take a closer look at how *** evaluates them? What "outstanding" do they have to be praised by ***?
Ma Yuan was a famous general of the Eastern Han Dynasty, General Fubo of Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty, one of the "Sixty-four Generals of Wumiao" during the time of Tang Dezong, and one of the "Seventy-two Generals of Wumiao" during the time of Huizong of the Song Dynasty.
It is said that Ma Yuan is a descendant of Zhao Hao, a famous general of Zhao State, because Zhao Hao was named Ma Fujun, so his descendants have changed their surnames to Ma.
Ma Yuan has a bold personality, young and ambitious, in his early years, he had grazed in the north, supported hundreds of families, thousands of cattle and sheep, and tens of thousands of rice grains, but he was able to scatter his family wealth and help the poor.
Later, Ma Yuan returned to Liu Xiu, Emperor Wu of Shunguang, and made great achievements for the unification of the Eastern Han Dynasty. After the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Ma Yuan still led the troops to fight, breaking Longqiang in the west, Jiaozhi in the south, attacking Wuhuan in the north, tired officials to General Fubo, sealing the new Marquis, known as "Ma Fubo".
In the twenty-fourth year of the establishment of the army, the ethnic minorities in Wuling, Guizhou rebelled, and Emperor Guangwu sent troops to conscript, but the whole army was wiped out, and someone was urgently needed to come forward at the critical moment. Ma Yuan was sixty-two years old, but he voluntarily asked to go on the expedition. He said: "A good man went on an expedition for the country, and buried his body in horse leather!" He sent troops to Guizhou, bravely defeated the enemy soldiers, and later unfortunately died of illness on the battlefield.
Since then, later generations of military scholars often quote the famous words of Ma Yuan, saying that it is a supreme honor to return the horse leather shroud for the country's conquest.
** He also highly respected Ma Yuan's words, he mentioned Ma Yuan many times, and also proposed that senior cadres read "Ma Yuan's Biography" and learn his spirit of "Horse Leather Shroud".
On June 27, 1950, when he met with the members of the advisory group who went to Vietnam at the Yi Nian Hall in Zhongnanhai, he mentioned Ma Yuan. He said: "During the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was a general named Ma Yuan, who led the soldiers to conquer the people (Vietnam, Jiaozhi in the Eastern Han Dynasty), and there was an idiom horse leather shroud, which came from him. ”
In the 60s, ** mentioned Ma Yuan again at a meeting of senior cadres of the army, and he said: "I suggest that our senior cadres read the "Biography of Ma Yuan" in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty." Then he sighed again: "Qingshan buries the bones of the faithful everywhere, why bother to return the body of the horse leather." After Ma Yuan, it is not as good as the generation. ......
Another time I talked about the history of Sino-Vietnamese relations with foreign envoys, and praised Ma Yuan for his political acumen, saying: "Although Ma Yuan is inseparable from his class limitations, he is indeed a generation of famous generals with political acumen. On the one hand, he repaired the city (in Jiaozhi) and set up officials to garrison it to strengthen his rule, and on the other hand, he ordered the construction of water conservancy and irrigation through canals, which did several good things for the local people and stabilized the situation there. ”
Sun Bin, a famous general of Qi State, a descendant of the soldier saint Sun Wu, one of the sixty-four generals of Tang Wumiao, one of the seventy-two generals of Song Wumiao, and a master of the art of war during the Warring States period.
Sun Bin had studied the art of war with Pang Juan, Su Qin, and Zhang Yi with Guiguzi, and later when Pang Juan was the general of King Hui of Wei, he was jealous of his talent and deceived him to Wei and sentenced him to death, so he was called Sun Bin. Sun Bin pretended to be crazy and stupid to escape, and finally with the help of the envoys of Qi, secretly fled to Qi, was appointed by King Qi Wei as a military advisor, assisted Qi general Tian Ji, twice used the tactics of encircling Wei to save Zhao, defeated the overlord Wei at that time in Guiling and Maling, and beheaded Pang Juan. He is the author of the book "The Art of War", also known as "Sun Tzu of Qi".
**When studying "Sun Bin's Art of War", he believed that Sun Bin was able to grasp the strategic initiative, mobilize the enemy, weaken the enemy in motion, and defeat the enemy, and was a master of practicing the Chinese art of war. He wrote in the comment of "Wisdom Tank, Volume 22, Military Intelligence Department, Victory, Sun Bin": "Attacking Wei to save Zhao, because of the defeat of the Wei army, the master of the ages, the blood is boiling, and he throws the book", and circled the full width, commented: "Read this biography again, and be fascinated by it."
** He highly respects the tactics of "encircling Wei and saving Zhao", and also has a deep understanding of the idea of movement warfare contained in this tactics. During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, in his famous article "Strategic Problems of Anti-Japanese Guerrilla Warfare," he pointed out that "this is the tactic of 'encircling Wei and saving Zhao'" when discussing the flexible and mobile attack on the enemy in external operations.
At the same time, Sun Bin is the only great military strategist in Chinese history who lies on the chariot and plans war strategies, which makes *** even more admired, and once said that he is "a representative of the disabled Zhijian".
Wei Rui, a famous general during the time of Emperor Wu of Liang in the Southern Dynasty, after Wei Xian, the prime minister of the Western Han Dynasty.
Wei Rui commanded decisively and strategically. In 505 AD, Wei Rui oversaw the northern expedition and attacked Xiaoxian City. marched into Hefei, led fertilizer and water to irrigate the city, broke the Wei army, and captured more than 10,000 people. In the following year, he led the Liang army of 100,000 to break through the million-strong army of Zhongshan Wang Yuanying of the Northern Wei Dynasty Yu Zhongli, and entered the Marquis of Yongchang and the general of the right guard because of his merits.
Wei Ruiren loves things, "The soldiers' camp has not been erected, and they will not give up." The well stove is not completed, and it is not eaten first", he is honest all his life, and his family has no money to spare. The people of the Northern Wei Dynasty were quite afraid of him and called him "Wei Hu".
** When reading "Wei Rui's Biography", he commented, "(Wei Rui) bowed to his own investigation and research. Hit the crowd with less. Dare to fight millions with tens of thousands, with the style of Liu Xiu and Zhou Yu. The benevolent must be brave. Our party cadres should learn from Wei Rui's style. —Excerpted from "** Collection of Criticisms of Ancient Books on Reading Literature and History".
It seems that the chairman mainly admires Wei Rui for his "bright sword spirit" and brave style with tens of thousands of enemies.
Zhou Yu is one of the most misunderstood figures in history, thanks to the smearing of him in Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Zhou Yu in the romance is narrow-minded and always wants to calculate Zhuge Liang, and was finally angry to death by Zhuge Liang. It is called "losing the wife and breaking the soldiers", and it is also called "both Shengyu and He Shengliang".
But this is not the case with Zhou Yu in real history, the official history records that Zhou Yu "has a magnificent temperament" and "is a real genius", Fan Chengda praised Zhou Yu and said "the heroic heroes of the world, Jiangzuo's beautiful husband". His classmate Jiang Gan said that he was "elegant and elegant", and even Liu Bei said that Zhou Yu was "a civil and military strategy, a hero of ten thousand people, and a vast amount of weapons"!
Zhou Yu was born in a famous family, not only is he talented and suave, but he is ambitious, noble, good character, high cultivation, can fight, and proficient.
At the same time, Zhou Yu was still a young talent, and he assisted Sun Ce to pacify half of Jiangdong before he was 20 years old. Later, in the Battle of Chibi, Zhou Yu, as the commander-in-chief of the front line, faced Cao Cao's 800,000 army, he was calm, calm, strategic, and commanded. At this time, Zhou Yu was only 33 years old.
**I have commented on Zhou Yu many times. In December 1936, he gave a lecture called "Strategic Problems of the Chinese Revolutionary War" at the Anti-Japanese Red Army University, in which he mentioned that the biggest hero of the Battle of Chibi was not Zhuge Liang, but Zhou Yu.
In 1953, ** in "The Work of the Youth League Should Take Care of the Characteristics of Youth", it directly pointed out Zhou Yu's role in the Battle of Chibi, saying: "Cao Cao led the army to the south of the Yangtze River and attacked Eastern Wu. At that time, Zhou Yu was a 'youth league member', and the commander of Eastern Wu at that time, Cheng Pu and other veterans were not convinced, but they were later persuaded that he was still in charge, and the battle was won. ”
In 1957, ** gave this example again, saying: "Cheng Pu is in his 40s, Zhou Yu is in his 20s, although Cheng Pu is a veteran, but not as capable as Zhou Yu." At the moment of the great enemy, who is in charge? is still a rising star Zhou Yu hung the handsome seal of the Metropolitan Governor. “
It can be seen that Zhou Yu has always been regarded as a representative of "young cadres", and fully affirmed his important role in the Battle of Chibi, and called on leading cadres to promote more young talents like Zhou Yu.
Bai Qi, a famous general of the Qin State, the first of the four famous generals of the Warring States, and a representative figure of the military family. He fought against the Six Kingdoms during the reign of King Qin Zhao, and made great contributions to the unification of the Six Kingdoms by the Qin State, and in the more than 30 years he served as the general of the Qin State, he attacked more than 70 cities and destroyed more than one million enemies, and was known as the "First Killing God of the Warring States".
Judging from the characteristics of the use of troops, Bai Qi is good at pursuit warfare and field offensive, and is known as the "king of field warfare". Its most famous battle, the Battle of Changping, is the earliest, most thorough and large-scale annihilation war recorded in the history of ancient Chinese warfare. The most important characteristic of the war of annihilation is the concentration of superior forces and the encirclement and annihilation of the enemy individually.
**In the commentary on ancient and modern figures, it is straightforward: "On fighting a war of annihilation, for a thousand years, no one is the right." "The high evaluation of it is also unsurpassed.
We are very familiar with Lu Meng, and the allusions related to it include "Shibei Three Days", "Impressive Treatment", "Wuxia Ameng" and so on. His deeds of indignation and diligence have become a representative of ancient Chinese generals who made up for their shortcomings with diligence and devoted themselves to mechanics.
Lü Meng was very courageous, and joined the army since he was a child to follow Sun Ce's conquest. After Sun Quan's unification, Lü Meng was gradually reused. However, this person's cultural level was too low, and the soldiers were not convinced, so Sun Quan persuaded Lu Meng to study. At the beginning, Lu Meng was always too busy with work and had no time to shirk.
Sun Quan led by example, taking himself as an example, saying that as long as there is determination, time is not an issue. Lü Meng listened to Sun Quan's advice and studied his own from then on.
As a result, a few years later, the verdict was two. After that, Lü Meng fought many victories. For example, encircling Cao Ren in Nanjun and breaking Zhu Guang in Anhui City; Occupy the three counties of Jingnan and capture Hao Pu; resisted the pursuit of Zhang Liao's army in the Battle of Xiaoyaojin, and counted the Wei army in Wei; Crossing the river in white, attacking Jingzhou, defeating Guan Yu, a famous general of the Shu Han Dynasty, and so on.
That's why there is, Lu Su went to Xunyang, discussed with Lu Meng, and was taken aback and said: "Qing is only a little bit now, not Ameng under Wu!" (Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 66, "Sun Quan's Persuasion").
** A good reader all his life, he naturally admires Lu Meng's hard work, and he has repeatedly called on everyone to learn from Lu Meng's spirit of hard work, "You must read "The Biography of Lu Meng".
In September 1958, he went to Anhui for inspection. One day, he was reading "Three Kingdoms, Wushu, and Lü Meng's Biography" on the train, Zhang Zhizhong and *** came to him, and ** chatted with them and told the story of Lü Meng's angry reading.
** said: "Lu Meng joined the army since he was a child, although he was brave and courageous, but he had no culture, and after becoming a military officer, he could only remember the oral description when reporting the military situation, which was very inconvenient. Sun Quan persuaded him to study, and he said that there was no time for military affairs. Sun Quan used himself as an example to illustrate that as long as there is determination, time is not the main issue. Lü Meng listened to Sun Quan's advice, studied his own, and after a few years, he was sentenced to two people. Later, Lü Meng became the commander of Eastern Wu, fought many victories, and also defeated Guan Yu and took Maicheng. ”
After finishing speaking, ** thought for a while, and then said to them: "At present, 10 percent of our senior officers are from the army and only learned culture after participating in the revolution, and they must read "The Biography of Lu Meng." ”
Speaking of this, ** expressed his opinion again, saying: "Lu Meng is a big old man and can learn culture, if he doesn't learn, can he have a way to disintegrate Guan Yu's troops by appeasing?" That's actually the role of culture! We can't all be uneducated. ”
Later, ** talked about Lu Meng in a conversation with the staff: "After Zhou Yu died, the veterans left behind were very powerful, Lu Su presided over the work for a while and died, and the veteran Lu Meng came out to work for a while, Lu Meng was originally a military general, but he fell in love with reading, and he was not confused when it came to major events." ”
In 1960, he talked about Sun Quan's ability to discover talents, saying: "During the Red Cliff War, Sun Quan let Zhou Yu, a member of the Communist Youth League, take command, and later, he persuaded Lu Meng to study more, so that Lu Meng grew into a military commander after Zhou Yu. ”
In this conversation, ** once again emphasized the importance of Lu Meng's learning, after Lu Meng had culture, he also learned Sun Quan's employment policy, discovered and cultivated Lu Xun, which is one of his learning results, "Originally Lu Xun was a middle-level officer under Lu Meng, and Lu Meng was trained and reused after discovery, so Lu Xun succeeded Lu Meng as a commander. ”
As *** said, "Those who are not highly educated can also learn culture", which is exactly the original intention of him to mention Lu Meng many times. In the chairman's view, Lu Meng's hard study and good use of soldiers are a typical example of self-taught.
In 1969, 76-year-old *** was "enthusiastic, throwing the book" when reading "The Biography of Chen Qingzhi in Southern History", and next to the three words "Chen Qingzhi" in the catalog, he drew two important lines, and at the beginning of the sky, he drew four large circles in a row, and used his vigorous handwriting to write the four big characters of "Chen Qingzhi's Biography" with eye-catching landmarks. In the first paragraph of Chen Qingzhi's life, ** is full of affectionate annotations: Read this biography again and be fascinated by it.
What is Chen Qingzhi's power? Can the heart of the strategizing and winning thousands of miles be "fascinated", so that the "blood boils" and the eternal resonance of "thinking about the past, Jin Ge Iron Horse, swallowing thousands of miles like a tiger"?
Chen Qingzhi, a famous general of Liang in the Southern Dynasty, was born in a poor family, and was rarely an entourage of Emperor Xiao Yan of Liang, and was quite trusted.
At the age of 41, Chen Qingzhi was reused by Emperor Wu of Liang, served as the general of Wuwei, and began to lead troops to fight abroad. Since then, Chen Qingzhi has become a generation of war gods with his courage and strategy.
It is said that Chen Qing has never been defeated in a battle in his life, and every time he has fought against enemy forces that are several times or even dozens of times his strength, and he can always win by surprise.
In 520 A.D., the Northern Wei Dynasty Xuzhou assassin Shi Yuan monk descended to Liang, Emperor Wu of Liang sent Chen Qingzhi to respond, and asked him to lead the army to escort Yuzhang Wang Zong into the town of Xuzhou. Wei's 100,000 troops resisted, and Chen Qingzhi led an army of 2,000 to break it.
In 527 AD, Chen Qingzhi attacked Wei's Wuyang, and Wei sent troops to reinforce him. Chen Qingzhi personally led 500 soldiers to attack, and Wei's 30,000 forwards were broken. After Chen Qingzhi occupied Wuyang City, he fought "dozens of hundreds of battles" with the Wei soldiers who attacked the city from spring to winter. Later, Wei built thirteen fortresses around the city, and Chen Qingzhi broke the four bases first, and then captured the four bases, cut off all the ears, and deterred the enemy soldiers, "the enemy army is cold", and beat the drums with gold, and attacked bravely, the Wei soldiers were defeated, and "the vortex water was jammed for it".
In the same year, the Wei State was in turmoil, and the King of Beihai, Yuan Hao, came to surrender, and Emperor Wu of Liang sent Chen Qingzhi to escort him back to Wei as the emperor. The Wei army had 70,000 elite soldiers and built nine bases to resist Chen Qingzhi. Chen Qingzhi captured the third base in only half a day from morning to noon, and the Wei troops retreated. Wei Jiyang Wang Yuanhui Ye came to the rescue with 20,000 soldiers, but was defeated by Chen Qingzhi, and Hui Ye was captured. Wei sent a large number of reinforcements to defend Xingyang. Chen Qingzhi's army was very panicked, and he said to everyone: "We only have 7,000 and more than 400,000 thieves. At his instigation, the Liang army captured Xingyang in one go. After entering the city, it was besieged again, Chen Qingzhi led 3,000 elite soldiers to break it, and the Wei army fled and surrendered. Since Chen Qingzhi escorted Yuanhao, the king of Beihai, "14 years of peace, 32 cities, 47 battles, and no advance".
Chen Qingzhi is so powerful, no wonder *** has to read "The Biography of Chen Qingzhi" repeatedly!
Yue Fei's deeds will not be repeated here, just talk about how ** evaluated Yue Fei.
**As early as when he was a teenager, he had a soft spot for Yue Fei. According to Zou Chunpei, an enlightenment teacher in Shaoshan, he recalled: "When I was a child, I liked to read the Ming and Qing dynasties, and I especially liked to read the "Saying Yue Quanbiography" written by Qian Cai. But in reality, we don't encourage children to read these books, and we should read more traditional scriptures. ”
Zou Chunpei's words** are also mentioned in his autobiography, saying: "I am familiar with the scriptures, but I don't like those things. I love the legends of ancient China**, especially the stories about rebellion. When I was young, I ignored the teacher's admonition and read books such as "The Biography of Yue Fei", "The Water Margin", and "Anti-Tang", but the teacher hated these unscrupulous books and said that they were harmful. I always read these books in school, and when the teacher walked in front of me, I covered them up with a scripture. ”
**Not only do I like to read "The Biography of Yue Fei", but I also recommend it to others. On May 20, 1939, ** participated in the Yan'an in-service cadre education mobilization meeting, at which he called on everyone to read more, and later listed a book list, and the first book recommended was "The Biography of Jingzhong Yue Fei".
At the same time, ** also sent 21 kinds of 60 books to Mao Anying and Mao Anqing, who were far away in the Soviet Union, including "The Biography of Jingzhong Yue Fei", which shows his respect for Yue Fei.
** Admire Yue Fei, the first thing to affirm is his military ability.
In 1938, ** gave a lecture at the Anti-Japanese Military and Political University, and some students proposed that their cultural level was too low and they were afraid that it would be difficult to make a difference in the future, so they used Yue Fei's story to inspire everyone, saying: "Li Kui didn't learn anything, he fought very well, and Yue Fei didn't graduate from anywhere." ”
In 1958, some comrades in the party proposed that some comrades were too young, had little experience, and were promoted too quickly. ”
The meaning of ** is very clear, that is, heroes are judged by ability, not by education and age.
For the Yuejia Army, ** is also respected, especially for the military discipline of the Yuejia Army.
In 1963, when he reported to *** the fighting spirit of a certain military region of "one is not afraid of hardship, and the other is not afraid of death", ** said: "In the past, Yue Fei said that civilian officials do not want money, military generals are not afraid of death, and the world is peaceful!" This sentence is one-sided, because it lacks a side, as if civil officials don't want money, but they can be afraid of death, and military generals are not afraid of death, but they can ask for money. ......Yue Fei also has two sentences: 'Don't loot if you starve to death, and don't demolish the house if you freeze to death.'" It seems that Yue Fei has a set of rules for governing the army. So at that time, Jin Wushu was not afraid of anything else, only the Yue family's army, he said: 'It is easy to shake the mountain, and it is difficult to shake the Yue family's army. ’”
As for Yue Fei's unjust killing, ** also deeply regrets and hates.
In 1938, ** said about the differences in uniting all walks of life to establish an anti-Japanese united front: "The Hui of the Song Dynasty, the Second Emperor of Qin, and the Qin Hui Dynasty, killed Yue Fei and broke the mountains and rivers. ”
This remark expressed ***'s concern about the current situation, and at the same time expressed regret for Yue Fei's murder and hatred for the faint monarch and traitorous ministers.
On November 1, 1952, on the way back to Beijing from inspecting the Yellow River in Henan, ** insisted on going to see Yue Temple. At that time, Wang Tingwen, the magistrate of Tangyin County, reported to ***: "According to our investigation, none of the descendants of the Yue family have ever been traitors. ”
After listening, he said happily: "Very good, very good, Yue Fei is a good person, and no one in the Yue family is a traitor, and they all maintain Yue Fei's patriotism, good!" ”
On March 19, 1960, ** watched the excerpt of the play "Mother-in-law's Tattoo" at the Jinjiang Auditorium in Shanghai, and when the mother-in-law tattooed the words "Loyal to the Country" on the stage, ** couldn't help but stand up and applaud warmly. After sitting down again, he said to Kong Lingxi, director of Shanghai Lianhua Steel Mill: "There are thousands of mothers like this in China!" ”
** Not only appreciates Yue Fei's national integrity and military ability to serve the country loyally, but also admires Yue Fei's poems very much, and has recited them many times.
In 1932, ** suffered unfair criticism and was deprived of the command of the Red Army, and during his recuperation, he recited Yue Fei's "Man Jianghong: Climbing the Yellow Crane Tower" many times.
In 1954, ** came to Hangzhou and said to the local cadre Wang Fang that there were too many tombs of high-ranking officials and nobles in the West Lake, and these people enjoyed glory and wealth before their deaths, and they would occupy the treasure land by the West Lake after their deaths, which was not good, and emphasized that except for the tombs of Yue Fei and a few others, all the others were moved away, and these people could not be allowed to spoil the scenery.
In 1975, ** was going to have cataract surgery, and I specifically asked the staff, did you record **? Secretary Zhang Yufeng said that he had recorded it, and put on the pre-recorded "Man Jianghong: Angry Hair Rushing to the Crown".
It seems that Yue Fei should be the most admired person among the eight famous generals that he has evaluated.