Whampoa Fengyunlu 6 Peace General Zhang Zhizhong.
Turning over the history of **, Zhang Zhizhong is a character who is difficult to explain.
On the one hand, he was a loyal member of the Kuomintang and loyal to Chiang Kai-shek;
On the other hand, Zhang Zhizhong at least has a sympathetic attitude towards our party and the revolution, and Zhang Zhizhong has fought warlords and Japanese all his lifeBut they never fought with our army.
In 1949, he accepted ***'s suggestion and stayed in Beijing. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, he was promoted to the rank of deputy state.
One
Zhang Zhizhong is a native of Anhui Province, and his family conditions are average. Zhang Zhizhong entered a private school at the age of 6, and the first study of the old-style private school was ten years. The young Zhang Zhizhong was regarded as a talented man by the teaching gentlemen, but the road to the imperial examination was not smooth for Zhang Zhizhong, and the imperial examination was soon abolished.
Unable to take the road of the imperial examination, Zhang Zhizhong originally wanted to go to the new-style school to study, but his family had no money for him to study. So Zhang Zhizhong wanted to go to the military academy.
But Zhang Zhizhong has also suffered enough on this road.
At first, Zhang Zhizhong defected to a distant cousin who was a soldier and wanted to apply for the Suiying Academy. But after waiting for several months, the Suiying School was not opened, and Zhang Zhizhong left in frustration, with an extra IOU of 13 yuan.
After that, Zhang Zhizhong worked as an apprentice in a grocery store, and by chance he picked up a declaration that published the enrollment news of Anhui Army Primary School. This time, the whole family scraped together 24 yuan as a travel fee, and Zhang Zhizhong recalled it many years later"It's $24 for a lifetime. ”
This time, the enrollment quota was limited, and Zhang Zhizhong was not admitted.
Zhang Zhizhong, who failed the list, did not go home, but continued to stay and prepare for the Anhui Surveying and Mapping School in the second year. In order to take the entrance examination, Zhang Zhizhong stayed in Tang Qiyao's mansion as a companion. As a result, some people in the Tang family saw that Zhang Zhi was poor and ridiculed him.
The young Zhang Zhizhong couldn't bear it and walked away.
In the vast land, can Zhang Zhizhong go**? He had no choice but to go to Yangzhou again, wanting to see if the Suiying School had opened. When he arrived in Yangzhou, the Suiying School was still not open, so Zhang Zhizhong had no choice but to choose to be a soldier.
Zhang Zhizhong's luck is too bad, and even being a soldier can only be a "reserve soldier". It's a reserve for regular soldiers, who don't have much money, but they do a lot of work. After waiting for three months, Zhang Zhizhong saw that there was no hope of becoming a regular, so he had to return to Anqing to become a policeman.
However, this policeman is still on standby, and Zhang Zhizhong later went to study in a patrol police training center. Three months after graduation, Zhang Zhizhong finally became a full-fledged police officerIt can be regarded as the end of several years of wandering career, and he barely has a place to live.
While working as a police officer, Zhang Zhizhong also studied the night shift of the English Arithmetic Major. Others drank and indulged in debauchery after work, but Zhang Zhizhong read English and learned mathematics.
Although Zhang Zhizhong ended his wandering career, the police were not his ideal career. The life of a little policeman is very monotonous, standing guard and patrolling the streets, and such a life can see the end at a glance.
Zhang Zhizhong is not satisfied with such a life.
With the sound of the Xinhai Revolution, China opened a new chapter in its history. Zhang Zhizhong, who lived in Yangzhou, was greatly encouraged and resolutely resigned and went to Shanghai to find his own life.
Arriving in Shanghai, Zhang Zhizhong joined Sun Yat-sen's Northern Expeditionary Army. Subsequently, he was assigned to the first battalion of the enlisted regiment of the Ministry of the Army and began to receive enlisted student training.
Soon the North and the South negotiated peace, and the Northern Expeditionary Army ceased to exist for the time being. Zhang Zhizhong's enlisted student regiment was incorporated into the Baoding Army Military Academy. After going through twists and turns, Zhang Zhizhong was finally able to receive a formal military education.
In 1916, Zhang Zhizhong graduated from the third phase of infantry of the Baoding Army Military Academy. After graduation, Zhang Zhizhong was assigned to the Anwujun as an apprentice.
The An Wu Army was the force of Yuan Shikai's henchman, the Anhui warlord Ni Sichong, and it had all the vices of China's old-style warlord army.
Savage, cruel, depraved, hopeless.
This is the entire impression that An Wujun left on Zhang Zhizhong.
Zhang Zhizhong finally chose to leave this army and went to Guangdong to join the revolutionary wave in the south.
II
In 1917, Zhang Zhizhong went to Guangdong, where he successively served as company commander and battalion commander of the Yunnan Army stationed in Guangdong, staff officer of the headquarters of the Guizhou Army stationed in Guangdong, chief of staff of the division, and chief of staff of the Guizhou Military Academy.
After the establishment of the Whampoa Military Academy, Zhang Zhizhong was appointed by Chiang Kai-shek as the Whampoa Military AcademyThe captain of the third phase of enlisted students, Zhang Zhizhong has since stepped into Whampoa.
The reason why Zhang Zhizhong was able to enter Chiang Kai-shek's field of vision was because Zhang Zhizhong himself had already shown a certain management ability at the Guijun Military Academy, and Huangpu was in urgent need of talents at this time, and Zhang Zhizhong would naturally not let it go when he was close at hand; On the other hand, most of the instructors in the early days of Huangpu came from military schools such as BaodingBaoding students held together to form a political force, many classmates recommended Zhang Zhizhong to Chiang Kai-shek, and constantly persuaded Zhang Zhizhong to leave the Gui family and join Whampoa.
Entering Huangpu was a major turning point in Zhang Zhizhong's life, and it was also the starting point for him to take off.
After entering Whampoa, Zhang Zhizhong's talent was gradually affirmed by Chiang Kai-shek. Chiang Kai-shek did have a set of ways to win people's hearts, and from December 1924 to the summer of 1925, Zhang Zhizhong held more and more official positions:Director of the Aviation Bureau, Director of the Military Division, Principal of the Aviation School, Commander of the Fourth Batch of Enlisted Students of Huangpu, Chief of Staff of the Second Division, Chief of Staff of the Guangzhou Garrison Command, and Staff Officer of the Colonel of the General Headquarters of the Eastern Expeditionary Army.
Chiang Kai-shek's reuse made Zhang Zhizhong very grateful.
Before Huangpu, although Zhang Zhizhong had entered the army, he had traveled between many factions and almost died in warlord infighting, but he was actually not doing well. And at this juncture in his life, Chiang Kai-shek's kindness to Zhang Zhizhong is unforgettable for Zhang Zhizhong.
Zhang Zhizhong studied in a private school for 10 years, and although he received a new education, like many of his contemporaries, he had a profound Confucian scholar and doctor in the depths of his thoughts, that is, the so-called "loyal ministers". Chiang Kai-shek valued himself so much, and Zhang Zhizhong naturally regarded Chiang Kai-shek as the "master" he loyally followed.
Zhang Zhizhong deeply felt that Chiang Kai-shek valued him and was loyal to Chiang.
The period from November 1932 to February 1933 was the peak of Zhang Zhizhong's "god-making movement" to Chiang Kai-shek, and he gave a series of lectures to military cadets. The content is nothing more than portraying Chiang Kai-shek as a perfect "revolutionary leader" and praising it. In addition to his loyalty to Chiang Kai-shek, there was another reason why Zhang Zhizhong did this—fascism was quite popular in China at that time. And the god-making movement against the leaders is also an important point of fascism. Zhang Zhizhong's creation of Jiang was also somewhat influenced by fascism.
Zhang Zhizhong was influenced by Chinese scholars and doctors in his bones, and his "loyalty" to Chiang Kai-shek, Zhang Zhizhong had both the side of "creating gods" for Chiang Kai-shek and the side of bitter admonition.
During the War of Liberation, Zhang Zhizhong repeatedly suggested to Chiang Kai-shek not to engage in civil war and to make peace, and in 1947 alone, there were as many as five times. In 1948, he put forward the "Ten Thousand Words of Peace". Among the claims"We should take the initiative to abandon the idea of fighting chaos and war, and stop the war."
However, this hard persuasion could only be a deaf ear to Chiang Kai-shek, in exchange for Chiang Kai-shek's warning:"Don't talk about peace again! ”
Three
Zhang Zhizhong's pro-Communist Party was openly within the Kuomintang
After leaving An Wujun, Zhang Zhizhong studied at Shanghai University for a while. At that time, Shanghai University could be said to be a "red university".
The faculty and staff of this university include not only communists such as Qu Qiubai, Zhang Tailei, Cai Hesen, etc., but also leftists of the Kuomintang such as Shao Lizi, and among the students there are also Communist Party members such as Wang Jiaxiang, Bogu, and Chen Geng, and the red atmosphere is very strong.
Zhang Zhizhong's Russian teacher is Qu Qiubai.
After that, Zhang Zhizhong entered Huangpu, and under the background of cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, Zhang Zhizhong and Yun Daiying worked closely together and formed a deep friendship.
The influence of Shanghai University and the friendship during the Whampoa period all made Zhang Zhizhong have a sympathetic attitude towards the Red Revolution.
He participated in the Northern Expedition, fought the warlord civil war, and fought against the Japanese invaders. In the more than 20 years of conflict between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, although Zhang Zhizhong spent most of his time in the Kuomintang campBut he did not fire a single shot at the Chinese Communists.
After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Zhang Zhizhong went to Yan'an in person to greet the senior cadres of our party before leaving"I, Zhang Zhizhong, have an unshirkable responsibility for the safety of the world, please rest assured! ”
**After arriving in Chongqing, there was no satisfactory place to stay for a while, so Zhang Zhizhong moved out of Guiyuan with his family and gave Guiyuan to *** as a temporary residence.
During the Chongqing talks, Zhang Zhizhong represented the Kuomintang, so he naturally wanted to fight for his own interests. But in order to achieve peace as soon as possible, he also privately suggested to Chiang Kai-shek:"The CCP originally had more than 1 million regular troops and more than 2 million militiamen, but now it is willing to reduce it to 20 to 24 divisions
When Chiang Kai-shek heard this, he was greatly displeased"I am negotiating with representatives of the Communist Party."
Chiang Kai-shek knew that he was pro-communist, and although Chiang was not very satisfied with Zhang Zhizhong, he was reassured by him. Because Chiang Kai-shek knew that Zhang Zhizhong would not engage in conspiracy, everything was open, above board, and would not engage in secret room planning. In dealing with the Communist Party, Zhang Zhizhong was an important card in Chiang Kai-shek's hand.
**'s secretary Tong Xiaopeng once saidIn the peace talks, Zhang Zhizhong of course stood on the position of the Kuomintang, but he always hoped that the Kuomintang and the Communist Party would cooperate and jointly build the country. He's very respectful of ***".
After the conclusion of the Chongqing negotiations, Zhang Zhizhong escorted *** back to Yan'an again. Many years later, ** said to Zhang Zhizhong:"You promised to escort *** back to Yan'an that time, and I put my mind at ease, otherwise, I really can't eat or sleep."
On the way to the airport, ** said to Zhang Zhizhong:"You are sincere in running for peace."
IV
Although Zhang Zhizhong has made a lot of efforts for peace, the general trend is something that he Zhang Zhizhong alone can influence and change.
Chiang Kai-shek brazenly launched a civil war, and as a result, the army was defeated after a few years. Chiang Kai-shek was forced to go into the wilderness, and Li Zongren came to power. At this time, Zhang Zhizhong once again went to Beiping as a representative of the peace talks to conduct peace talks.
This time, Zhang Zhizhong was pessimistic about peace. He said in an interview"I am a man of peace all my life, and I have a dream of peace at home; But the current situation is too sinister for me to do so."
There is no need to repeat the results of the peace talks this time, and the miracle that Zhang Zhizhong fantasized about naturally does not exist.
The next question is,Where does Zhang Zhizhong want to go?
At first, Zhang Zhizhong wanted to go back alone to recover his life. This simple "reinstatement" does not mean that Zhang Zhizhong still has much confidence in Chiang Kai-shek's regime, but is more of a sign of loyalty to morality.
**Patiently do Zhang Zhizhong's work and persuade him to stay. "Whether you return to Nanjing, Shanghai, or Guangzhou, the Kuomintang spies will be unfavorable to you.""We are already sorry for a friend surnamed Zhang in the Xi'an incident, and we can't be sorry for you today."
** He also personally arranged to secretly take Zhang Zhizhong's family to Beiping, solving Zhang Zhizhong's worries.
Zhang Zhizhong stayed, staying away from ** for the time being, and seemed to be very leisurely. But underneath the surface of the leisure is his inner anguish and hesitation.
On the one hand, Zhang Zhizhong pursues progress and hopes that the country will be prosperous and strong, and the people will be happy; But on the other hand, the ethical and moral education he received required him to be grateful to Chiang Kai-shek from the beginning to the end"Loyalty, loyalty, friends" is Zhang Zhizhong's life creed
Zhang Zhizhong is so depressed, ** naturally knows it.
Before and after, ** and Zhang Zhizhong talked earnestly many times and helped patiently. There are both warm words of persuasion and blunt criticism"Why do you only have illusions about certain people, and not for the sake of the people of the whole country? ”
After repeated ideological work, Zhang Zhizhong's thinking finally changed. After more than 80 days of hesitation, he issued a "Statement on the Current Situation", indicating his final attitude.
After the liberation, Zhang Zhizhong served successivelyVice Chairman of the Northwest Military and Political Commission, Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, Vice Chairman of the National Defense Commission of the People's Republic of China, Member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, and Vice Chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang.
**Comment on Zhang Zhizhong"He is a man who specializes in good deeds and has done a lot of good deeds."
On April 6, 1969, Zhang Zhizhong died of illness at the age of 80.
Looking back on Zhang Zhizhong's life, it is indeed difficult.
When he was young, he had no way to study and was wandering around; In middle age, he was in a high position, bent on seeking domestic peace, and tried his best, but it often backfired;
single-mindedly took Chiang Kai-shek as the master and persuaded him with loyalty, but he was regarded by Chiang Kai-shek as the wind in his ears; At the last moment, I struggled for a long time before I made the final choice.