An overview of the reasons for the demise of successive dynasties
Since the establishment of the Xia Dynasty, China has gone through 4,000 years of dynastic changes, and in the long river of history, each dynasty has left its own brilliant mark. The Xia Dynasty (c. 21st century BC – c. 16th century BC), the first hereditary dynasty recorded in Chinese history books, lasted 472 years.
1.The demise of the Xia Dynasty was mainly due to Xia Wei's diplomatic strategy and **. Due to the gradual deterioration of relations with the surrounding tribes, the Xia Dynasty fell into a situation of internal and external difficulties.
2.Xia Wei waged a series of wars with foreign countries, which caused widespread dissatisfaction between the government and the opposition. This further exacerbated social contradictions and made the Xia dynasty's rule even more shaky.
3.Xia Wei's personal conduct also exacerbated the fall of the Xia Dynasty. He was arrogant and lascivious, close to villains and alienated virtuous ministers, which led to the assistance of unscrupulous ministers in the court, and finally accelerated the fall of the Xia Dynasty.
4.The Shang Dynasty was the second dynasty in Chinese history and lasted for more than 500 years. It was the first dynasty to have a written record of its contemporaneity and had a profound impact on the development of Chinese history.
1. Slave owners and aristocrats live in luxury and treat slaves cruelly; 2. Years of foreign wars, too much levy for young and middle-aged people; 3. The political pro-Yu Yuanxian of the king of Xuan practiced torture, and the courtiers deviated from morality.
In 1046 B.C., King Wu of Zhou destroyed the Shang Dynasty, established the Zhou Dynasty, set the capital of Haojing, and later set Luoyi as the accompanying capital. The Zhou Dynasty was the heyday of China's slave society, with spheres of influence including present-day Liao, Gansu, and Lu, and the south deep into the Yangtze River valley.
The main reasons for the demise: 1. King Li's tyrannical expropriation and expropriation intensified the exploitation of the people; 2. King Youwang destroyed the patriarchal system, abolished the concubine, and lost the trust of the princes; 3. Natural disasters seriously deplete national strength; 4. The dog Rong attacked Hojing, and the Western Zhou Dynasty was destroyed.
The Eastern Zhou Dynasty began in 770 BC, and after King Ping of Zhou succeeded to the throne, he decided to move east to Luoyi in view of the ruins of Haojing and the threat of dog Rong. After that, the direct jurisdiction of the Zhou royal family was reduced, and its influence on the vassal states was greatly reduced.
This led to raids and annexations among the princes, and the Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period appeared. In 256 BC, the Qin state captured Luoyi, and the Zhou dynasty fell. Spring and Autumn Period, 770 BC and 403 BC, named after Confucius's revision of the Spring and Autumn Period.
This period of history records that 43 monarchs were killed by their subordinates or enemy countries, 52 vassal states were destroyed, more than 480 large and small wars, and more than 450 princes' court appointments and alliances.
In 403 B.C., King Weilie of Zhou, the co-ruler of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, canonized the three families of Han, Zhao and Wei as princes, which marked the formal formation of the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period and became an important time node in Chinese history.
The first feudal dynasty in Chinese history, the Qin Dynasty, originated from the Qin State in the late Warring States Period. Boyi, the ancestor of the Qin royal family, was given the surname Ying because of his meritorious service in assisting Dayu to control the water.
Feizi is a descendant of Boyi, he once raised horses for King Xiao of Zhou, so he was named a prince of the Qin Valley by King Xiao of Zhou. In 770 BC, Qin Xianggong was made a prince for his meritorious service in escorting King Zhou Ping to move east to Luoyi, and Qin began to establish the state.
The biggest problem of the Qin Dynasty was the decline of the Zhou royal family and the feudal system, which made the power of the Zhou Tianzi hollowed out.
The fall of the Qin Dynasty stemmed from the continuous war after unification, which caused the people to bear heavy conscription, military service, and taxes, and the punishment was even harsh and ruthless. At the same time, the struggle for power within the ruling class has left the country in a dilemma of fragmentation; Coupled with the strength of the aristocratic power of the Six Kingdoms**, as well as the limited personal ability of Qin II, these factors combined to lead to the fall of the Qin Dynasty.
The rewritten copy maintains the core idea of the original text, that is, the fall of the Qin Dynasty was the result of a combination of wars, internal struggles among the ruling class, aristocratic forces**, and the limitations of the monarch's personal abilities.
At the same time, the new copy makes the information easier to understand and remember by using more vivid and vivid language.
First, the rise of the power of foreign relatives led to the fact that when the little emperor was in power, the queen mother was usually in power, and the queen mother often relied on her relatives to hold power; Second, the intensification of land privatization has caused a large number of peasants to lose their land and their lives are in dire straits. Third, the prevalence of political corruption and extravagance has further aggravated social injustice and contradictions.
Although the Eastern Han Dynasty ruled for a total of 195 years, had fourteen emperors, and was called the Two Han Dynasty along with the Western Han Dynasty, it eventually came to an end. Its capital, Luoyang, still retains traces of that period of history today.
The wheels of history are rolling forward, and the birth of the Three Kingdoms period is not accidental. Its formation stems from the expansion of the power of relatives and eunuchs, who have formed interest groups and fought endlessly to disrupt the government.
At the same time, the landlords were strong, and in the later period, they formed local separatist forces, and their control gradually weakened. Land annexation was severe, and the Yellow Turban Uprising led to the rise of local armed forces, and the authority of ** was weakened.
Such a social background makes the Three Kingdoms period a historical necessity. In 220, Cao Pi forced Emperor Chan of the Han Dynasty to give up the throne and set the capital Luoyang, the name of the country"Wei", known as Cao Wei in history, marked the official end of the Han Dynasty.
In 221, Liu Bei was proclaimed emperor, the capital was Chengdu, and the history was called Shu Han. In 229, Sun Quan was proclaimed emperor, and the capital was Jianye, and the country was named"Wu", known as Soochow in history. The situation of the Three Kingdoms was officially formed, and the glorious history of the Three Kingdoms period began.
The reason for Cao Wei's demise: frequent changes of emperors, and Sima Yi held real power. In 263, Sima Zhao launched the Wei War to destroy Shu, and Shu Han perished. In 266, Sima Yan forced Emperor Chan of Wei Yuan to abdicate the throne and establish the Western Jin Dynasty, ending the Three Kingdoms era and beginning the Jin Dynasty.
In 280, Jin destroyed Eastern Wu and unified the whole country. However, the Jin Dynasty did not have a high sense of existence in history because of its despicable usurpation of power and the fact that the Han nation experienced the "darkest period - Wuhu Chaohua".
The reasons for the demise of the Northern and Southern Dynasties: the decay of the ruling group, the backward political system, and the decentralization of power; Emperor Hui of Jin was unable to control the overall situation, which led to the infighting of the powerful faction in the palace and the rebellion of the Eight Kings, which exhausted the national strength; The decline of national power led to the invasion of ethnic minorities.
The reasons for the fall of the Sui Dynasty: the gate valve forces were independent, and the gate valve and the imperial power were constantly in friction; Most of the emperors were mediocre and cruel, lascivious and extravagant, and provoked rebellions among local generals; There were frequent wars between regimes, and the rule was not strong; Land annexation is serious, and contradictions among various ethnic groups are fierce.
The Sui Dynasty fell due to its short reign time, unstable foundation, coupled with the confrontation between the gate lords and the imperial power, and the personal factors of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty, such as the eagerness for quick success and the abuse of people's power. The Tang Dynasty was one of the longest unified and most powerful dynasties in China's feudal society, with a total of 21 emperors ruling for 289 years.
The Tang Dynasty was also one of the most powerful countries in the world at that time, and had contacts with Asian and European countries, so after the Tang Dynasty, overseas people called Chinese"Don people"。
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms: ** Centralization collapsed, land annexation intensified, and peasant uprisings were frequent; Song Dynasty: Internal and external wars continued, and the rulers were mediocre and brutal.
The reason for the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty was that it adopted a policy of using literature to control the military, which led to mutual containment within the army and a weakening of its combat effectiveness. In the first year of Jingkang, the Jin State invaded, which led to the difficulty of Jingkang, and the Southern Song Dynasty was destroyed by the Jin State the following year.
The establishment of the Yuan Dynasty stemmed from the unification of the Mongol ethnic group, and its ruler was the Mongol Son Jin clan. Under the leadership of Genghis Khan, the Mongol tribes were unified and the Great Mongolian State was established.
However, during its reign, the Yuan Dynasty also suffered from problems such as the emperor's mediocrity, political corruption, political infighting, and excessive military spending, which led to the overburdening of the common people and eventually led to the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty.
In 1271, Kublai Khan took the meaning of "Dazai Qianyuan" in the Book of Changes, changed the name of the country to "Dayuan", and set the capital Dadu. However, in 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty, the Yuan court was expelled, and most of the capital was captured.
This was the course of the fall of the Yuan Dynasty.
1. The Yuan Dynasty established by Kublai Khan lasted ninety-eight years, starting with the establishment of the Mongol regime in 1206 AD and ending with the Northern Yuan regime in 1402. 2. The Ming Dynasty is the last unified Central Plains dynasty established by the Han nationality in Chinese history, which lasted 16 emperors and enjoyed the country for 276 years.
3. The reasons for the fall of the Yuan Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty are similar, both of which lie in the erosive life of the aristocracy, the corruption of officials, the serious annexation of land, and the serious oppression and bullying of the people.
The Qing Dynasty, the last feudal dynasty in Chinese history, was ruled by the Manchu Aixinjue Luo clan, which lasted for a total of 296 years after the establishment of the Houjin by Nurhachi, after the establishment of the 12 emperors.
After Huang Taiji changed the name of the country to the Qing Dynasty, the national Zuo lasted for 276 years. Since the Qing army entered the customs and established a national government, its rule lasted for 268 years. However, the Qing Dynasty eventually came to an end.
There are three main reasons for its demise: first, the excessive power of the civil official group, which leads to the dictatorship of eunuchs; Second, the continuous attacks of the northern nomads have caused a surge in military spending and a financial and economic crisis; Third, serious land annexation and frequent natural disasters have led to a sharp increase in the number of displaced people and peasant uprisings one after another.
1.Death from corruption and incompetence: The closed conservatism of the ruling class has derailed Chinese thought, technology, and the world. 2.Death in weakness and incompetence: In the face of foreign aggression, the Manchus had no choice but to cede land and pay reparations, losing the trust and support of the people.