After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, four political forces stepped onto the political stage of the Western Han Dynasty.
The first is Confucianism
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took Dong Zhongshu's".Depose the hundred schools of thought and respect ConfucianismUnder the suggestion, Ram Confucianism replaced Huang Lao's technique. During the period of Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty and Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty, the prime ministers of the Western Han Dynasty were basically monopolized by Confucianism, and there were a total of six prime ministers in the Xuan Emperor of the Han Dynasty, all of whom were Confucians.
Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty certainly would not sit idly by and watch the growth of Confucianism, so he specially cultivated another force to balance Confucianism.
This is the second political force, the eunuchs.
Eunuchs were naturally the emperor's most trusted force, as they had no children and no daughters. There is no possibility of usurpation.
So Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty promoted a large number of eunuchs to check and balance the ministers.
By the time of Emperor Yuan of the Han Dynasty, there was no longer a situation where Confucianism was reused.
However, by the time of Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty, the eunuch power was cleaned up, but the Confucian ministers still had to be checked and balanced, so a third political force appeared.
This is a relative.
Relatives have become a huge political force when the Western Han Dynasty regime was just established, as early as the Liu Bang period, there was Empress Lu **, and later Empress Dowager Dou. provoked Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to even adopt such an extreme method as "establishing a son and killing his mother".
In the later Western Han Dynasty, there was an unwritten kneeling ground, that is, Confucianism served as the prime minister, and the relatives served as the great Sima.
But when Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty arrived, his relatives even began to serve as prime ministers.
However, Emperor Han Cheng also lifted a stone and shot himself in the foot, but he didn't expect his relatives to become big all of a sudden, and even the imperial power could not be checked and balanced.
Because at this time, the relatives and Confucianism actually merged. The emperor had no choice but to rely on the fourth force.
Haoqiang
The so-called Haoqiang is the nobles who gained power by virtue of military exploits in the early years of the Han Dynasty, and the rise of Haoqiang after the death of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. These people appeared in the court by bribing the court's ** through the probation system.
Haoqiang colluded with merchants and magistrates to annex a large amount of land and became a later scholar.
The rise of the nobles appearedThe rich have no land, and the poor have no place to stand。All of a sudden, the poor began to gather strength and prepare for rebellion.
So, at this time, a character appeared, who was a relative, a Confucian scholar and even an emperor, and appeared on the historical stage in the late Western Han Dynasty.
This person is Wang Mang.
Wang Mang was the nephew of Wang Feng, a general during the Han Cheng Emperor period, Wang Mang was in the Han Emperor when the power leaned towards the government and the opposition, and after the death of the Han Emperor, Wang Mang established the Han Ping Emperor. Then he followed the example of Duke Zhou and emptied the emperor, and finally usurped the throne and became the emperor.
The country name was changed to new
Why is Wang Mang called a traverser by the current people?
The reason is that after Wang Mang came to power, he promulgated relevant policies and some of his own behaviors, which make people feel a bit modern.
Wang Mang first changed the private ownership of land to state ownership, and forbade the buying and selling of land, in order to stop land annexation.
Wang Mang also abolished the slave system, his son killed the servant, and Wang Mang directly killed his son to pay for his life. The most incredible thing is that Wang Mang seems to know the development of history, and he went around the world to hunt down a person named Liu Xiu.
Of course, Wang Mang is not a traverser, and many of his deeds are nothing more than thatTogu restructured, which is historically common. The purpose of Wang Mang's reform is to crack down on the strong and powerful, to solve the gap between the rich and the poor, and to alleviate social contradictions.
Wang Mang was a staunch believer in Confucianism, and Confucianism was very keen on retro, and he must be called three generations.
Didn't Confucius use the restoration of the "Zhou Rites" to promote his ideas everywhere, bringing the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period back to the Western Zhou Dynasty.
Wang Mang faced the powerful at that time to annex land and buy and sell people.
Therefore, it was ordered that the land should be returned to the imperial court, and slaves and maids were forbidden to buy and sell, the purpose was to curb the powerful from both land and population.
Wang Mang's abolition of the so-called slavery system was nothing more than to implement itHousehold Qi people
The so-called household Qi people is to snatch back the hidden population of Haoqiang so that the imperial court can control it.
However, in the end, it also failed, and it is important to note here that the real realization of this purpose was not until the Yongzheng Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty, and the policy of spreading the land into the mu was truly realized.
As for the so-called Wang Mang chasing Liu Xiu everywhere, it was just that Liu Xiu finally became the emperor, and in order to advertise that he was destined for heaven, he hyped it up.
At that time, it was very popular. And this Liu Xiu is not Liu Xiu, who later became the emperor.
Wang Mang's change, of course, moved Haoqiang's cheese.
At that time, because Wang Mang was a usurper, Haoqiang and Confucianism hated him together.
led to these people who have the right to speak to smear Wang Mang for no reason, and of course, Wang Mang's change also has many elements that are taken for granted.
As a result, the rich and the poor hated Wang Mang, so a large number of people rose up.
The most powerful were the two peasant armiesRed eyebrows in the north, green forests in the south
The Green Forest Army eventually developed into a new regime and was once the emperor. It was even openly proposed to restore the rule of the Han Dynasty.
Wang Mang immediately sent an army of 420,000 in Kunyang to prepare to eliminate the Genshi regime in one fell swoop.
At that time, Liu Xiu, who was later Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty, served as a partial general, and when he saw Wang Mang's army coming to Kunyang, Liu Xiu asked other heroes to stick to Kunyang and ran out to rescue the soldiers.
The Battle of Kunyang was very important, and when Wang Mang's army besieged Kunyang City for several months, Liu Xiu kept calling reinforcements outside.
Wang Mang's army was demoralized because it had been unable to take Kunyang City, and at this time, the Green Forest Army in Kunyang City and Liu Xiu's reinforcements joined forces to attack, and finally Wang Mang's entire army was defeated.
In the battle of Kunyang, Wang Mang's 420,000 army was annihilated, and soon the Green Forest Army invaded Chang'an, cut off Wang Mang's head, and the new dynasty perished.
Why is Liu Xiu called the son of the plane.
At that time, during the Kunyang War, a meteorite fell from the sky and fell into Wang Mang's camp, smashing Xinmang's 420,000 army, which made Liu Xiu pick up a big bargain.
In fact, the so-called meteorites are simply impossible, and the last time a meteorite fell, the dinosaurs perished. What fell was nothing more than a shooting star.
After Liu Xiu was a clan of the Han Dynasty, the world was in turmoil in the last years of Xinmang, Liu Xiu followed his eldest brother Liu Yan to raise troops, and later elected Liu Xuan as the emperor, that is, the first regime.
In the Battle of Kunyang, Liu Yan and Liu Xiu, two brothers, were highly meritorious, and Liu Xuan killed Liu Xiu's brother Liu Yan.
Liu Xiu knew that his brother had been killed, so he hurriedly ran to the first emperor and apologized to the first emperor, saying that his brother had committed a crime and was innocent, and he failed to persuade him, so he came to confess his guilt.
Seeing that Liu Xiu was so loyal, the First Emperor felt that he was too much. So Liu Xiu was appointed as the general of the Broken Captives and awarded the title of Marquis of Wuxin.
At that time, although Wang Mang was dead, the original regime could not be dominant.
The forces in various places were still ready to move, so the first emperor asked Liu Xiu to go to Hebei to appease various forces.
When Liu Xiu arrived in Hebei, relying on his previous connections and his own personality charm, he quickly won over the local powerful warlords of all sizes and organized an army of tens of thousands of people.
Especially Liu Yang, the warlord of Zhending at that time, was very happy to see Liu Xiu coming, and directly married Zhao Ji's nephew to Liu Xiu, and formed an alliance with Liu Xiu, so the third force of the beginning and the red eyebrows rose in the land of Hebei.
Later, the regime of the first emperor and the Red Mei army merged, Liu Xiu sat on the mountain to watch the tiger, and after the first emperor was killed, Liu Xiu led the troops to eliminate the first army and the Red Mei army in one fell swoop. In the end, Liu Xiu dominated the world and restored the rule of the Han Dynasty.
That is, the Eastern Han Dynasty.
After Liu Xiu became the emperor, in fact, he also had to face the problems faced by Wang Mang at that timeIf he can't solve it, then the end may be like Wang Mang's head.
Liu Xiu originally wanted to restore the tax system of 100 acres in the Western Han Dynasty, but at that time, Haoqiang annexed land, resulting in the people not having 100 acres of land at all.
Liu Xiu was also born in Haoqiang, and it is impossible for him to learn from Wang Mang to classify land as state-owned. Moreover, his heroes Yuntai Twenty-eight General are all heroic, and this road will not work.
So, Liu Xiu decided not to take 100 mu as a unit, but as a mu unit. However, in order to do this, it is necessary to know how much land Haoqiang owns, so in the fifteenth year of Jianwu, Liu Xiu prepared to measure the land across the country.
Liu Xiu's policy was opposed by the whole country, and the great Situ Ouyang She** was killed by Liu Xiu. Unexpectedly, Ouyang She's ** joint letter put pressure on Li Xiu. Demand for a cessation of land surveying.
And on the local mountain, Hao ** simply killed the ** who came to measure the land. Even the magistrates colluded with Haoqiang to shield Haoqiang.
Liu Xiu could only kill, and even adopted the cruel methods of Qin Shi Huang and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
More than a dozen court officials were executed at one time.
In the end, Haoqiang temporarily bowed his head.
Although Liu Xiu temporarily restrained the powerful forces through the means of grace and powerBut in the end, he was unable to redistribute the wealth of society like Liu Bang.
Liu Xiu's policy is nothing more than admitting that Haoqiang has seized the interests of the people, and Haoqiang is just giving the imperial court a piece of the pie
Liu Xiu also knows very well that someone asked Li Xiu to go to Mount Tai to seal Zen, Liu Xiu said that now the people of the world are complaining, and I went to seal Zen Isn't it to deceive God? If the Western Han Dynasty was thriving, then the Eastern Han Dynasty was decadent.
In the final analysis, the root of the political problem of the Han Dynasty and the Han Dynasty was that there was no good system for electing officials, and only local officials could nominate talents.
So it doesn't matter whether this person is a talent or not, as long as his family has money, the magistrate can say that he is a talent, so Haoqiang basically monopolizes the way to become an official.
Haoqiang became a noble clan, and eventually evolved into gate politics.
The big families who were originally tyrannical in the local area are now even monopolized by the position of the court **.
For example, the Yuan Shao family is known as the "Four Worlds and Three Princes", and three of the four generations are ranked among the three princesThere is no hope for the promotion of ordinary children from poor families, and social contradictions have once again reached its threshold.
However, there is a bull man in history, who completely ended the gate valve politics until the Tang Dynasty, this person is Huang Chao, the story of Huang Chao. We'll have a chance to talk again.