At the beginning of the 21st century, we are at the new frontier of physics, witnessing the birth of a series of bold theories that aim to explain the most fundamental properties of the universe. These theories, from string theory to circular quantum gravity, not only challenge our conventional wisdom about the natural world, but also demonstrate the wonders of the intersection of mathematics and physics. Let's dive into the principles of these theories and their revolutionary impact on our understanding of the universe.
String Theory: A Revolution About "Strings".
Imagine if everything in the universe – from objects around you and me to stars in distant galaxies – was made up not of dotted particles, but of tiny, vibrating "strings," how that would change our view of the world? String theory is based on such a bold idea.
In string theory, the properties of a particle, including its mass and charge, are determined by the vibrational mode of the string. It's like different notes on a stringed instrument are produced by different vibrational patterns. With this theory, physicists hope to be able to describe all fundamental forces – including gravity – uniformly, within a comprehensive framework.
Supersymmetrical String Theory: Towards Higher Symmetry
Supersymmetrical string theory builds on string theory and introduces a new concept, supersymmetry. It is a type of symmetry that is assumed to exist in nature that connects the particles that make up matter (fermions) with the particles that transmit force (bosons). Through supersymmetry, physicists hope to solve some of the puzzles of string theory, such as the hierarchy of particle mass, while taking a more solid step towards unifying all fundamental forces.
M Theory: The Ultimate Quest for Unification
M-theory, sometimes referred to as the "occult theory", because it attempts to unify all known string theories in a higher dimension. While the full picture of this theory is still not fully understood, it predicts the existence of additional dimensions of space in addition to the four-dimensional space we are familiar with. The exploration of Theory M represents the pursuit of the ultimate theory of physics, although the road is full of challenges and unknowns.
Circular Quantum Gravitational Theory: Another Perspective on Unifying Gravity
Parallel to string theory is the theory of circular quantum gravity, an effort aimed at directly quantizing general relativity without relying on unobserved high-dimensional structures. It proposes a unique perspective: space-time itself is made up of a type of basic unit known as a "quantum ring". The beauty of the theory of quantum gravity is that it offers a possible way to explain phenomena in the most extreme conditions in the universe, such as inside black holes and in large moments.
Mathematics: Understanding the language of the universe
Whether it's string theory, m-theory, or the theory of quantum gravity, they all have developed without mathematics, a discipline known as the language of the universe. The work of mathematicians such as Hamilton, Glassman, and Gloria provided the basis for these theories. Knott's theorem reveals the profound connection between symmetry and conservation laws in nature, providing us with a crucial tool for understanding the physical world.
Conclusion
While many of these theories still need to be tested experimentally, they have greatly enriched our understanding of the universe and pushed the boundaries of physics. Through the exploration of these theories, we are not only looking for a unified theory that describes the basic structure and forces of nature, but also deepening our understanding of the nature of existence. In this journey, every small step forward can be the key to a deeper understanding of the mysteries of the universe.