Ming Dynasty classical furniture collection of the "heavy weapon" - can not jump over a variety of "chairs", Ming Dynasty classical furniture in the chair is a typical representative of high-type furniture, after the development of the Song and Yuan dynasties, to the Ming Dynasty chair in terms of production technology, or in the category have reached an unprecedented level. If we study the cultural connotation condensed in the Ming-style chair through the material object, it is not difficult to find that the Ming-style chair is not a simple abstract entity, but a complex emotional expression, a traditional representation of culture and status. In particular, because the Ming-style chairs were very closely related to the life of the literati in the Ming Dynasty, such as piano, chess, calligraphy and painting, symposiums, etc., they often integrated the literati's ideological outlook, values and artistic outlook.
Taishi chair Click to buy.
The classical furniture of the Ming Dynasty takes the Taishi chair as an example to reflect the sense of order of feudal consciousness, that is, the Tudafu-style sitting posture of sitting upright, pointing to the ethical norms of Confucianism, indicating a recognition of utilitarian benefits, a choice of Confucian norms, and a solidified furniture modeling. Because the Ming-style chair has strong cultural characteristics of the Chinese nation, has its high technological value and artistic value, and has become the essence of the Chinese nation, it is highly regarded by people in the world. In order to let more furniture collectors understand the style of Ming-style seats, it is now divided into Ming Dynasty classical furniture armchairs, backrest chairs and chairs, poufs, circle chairs, etc., which are described as follows
Ming Dynasty classical furniture armchairs
There are also many styles of armchairs, roughly divided into four official hat chairs, south official hat chairs, screen-backed chairs, rose chairs, thrones, circle chairs, etc., and often cooperate with the coffee table to complete a set, with four chairs and two more placed on both sides of the hall on the opposite display, there is one of the most typical and rich national traditional characteristics of the armchair in the Ming style seat, called"Officer's hat chair"It is believed that it is named after the style of crowns and hats worn by ancient officials, so the form of the chair is so-called"Yarn hat fin type""There are many styles of crowns and hats in ancient times, but the ones that are familiar to the general public are common in paintings and on stage, that is, the puff head with a pattern in Ming Wangqi's "Three Talents Picture Society". There are feet and feet to be crossed, but no matter which one it is, it is low in the front and high in the back, and it is obviously divided into two parts. If you compare the so-called official hat chair with it, especially from the side of the chair, then the armrests are slightly like the front of the hat, and the back of the chair is slightly like the back of the hat, and the two are somewhat similar. "The official hat chair is further divided into two kinds, one is called the one with the head and the armrest"Four-out officer's hat chair", the other is called the one that has nowhere to come out"Nanguan hat chair"。However, some scholars have concluded through investigations that the head will come out of the head and the armrest will not come out"Early in the second century"The armchair is named"Officer's hat chair", the armchair with both the brain and the armrests are weighed"Armchair in the early fours", and the one who doesn't stand out everywhere calls it"Chairs"。
The so-called in the four-out official hat chair"Early in the fourth"Refers to: chairs"Brain-picking"The two ends are out, and the left and right armrests are out at the front. The standard design is a backrest plate at the back, with one armrest on each side"Coalition Gang"。This kind of four-out chair is generally made of Huanghuali wood, which is a typical style of chair shape in the classical furniture of Chen Changwen Guoming style of China Wood Business Network. For example, the Huanghuali four-headed official hat chair in the collection of ** Academy of Arts and Crafts, the form of the seat is bow-shaped, which is really like the so-called"Yarn hat fin type"The two armrests are naturally curved forward by the arms attached to the person, and the entire back of the chair is ergonomically designed and made according to the natural curve of the human back. The drawer is rattan brown, with a certain elasticity, and all the parts in contact with the human body are ground into a round head as much as possible, making it subtle and round, but not sharp, making people feel soft and smooth and light.
Armchair Click here to buy.
The shape of the Nanguan hat chair is characterized by making soft rounded corners at the junction between the back column and the brain, and the method is to make the male head by the column, and the tenon socket is made under the two ends of the brain, which is pressed on the column, and the armrests on both sides of the chair surface are also used in the same way. The backplate is made"s"Shape curves, generally made of a whole board.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, there was a wooden frame paneling practice, because the wooden frame was bent, the center of the board was spliced by several pieces, and the middle was equipped with a horizontal bar. The lower part of the face is supported by a tooth plate and four legs. The front teeth are incisor-shaped incisors from the middle to the sides. This type of chair was used earlier in the south, and rosewood was the most common.
In addition, there are screen-back chairs in Ming-style seats, and the so-called screen-backed chairs refer to back-backed chairs that make the back into a screen-type chair. The common ones are:"Single-screen back"with"Three-screen"It is a style of Ming classical furniture, and its body size is larger in the Qing Dynasty, also known as"Taishi chair"。The rose chair is characterized by the fact that there is little difference between the back and the armrests, which is lower than the back of the general chair, which is convenient for use by the window sill without rising above the window edge. The common style is to install the coupon mouth strip inside the backrest and armrest, and install the cross bar, the middle short column or knot flower under the backrest and armrest. There are also openwork carvings on the backrest, with many styles and unique styles, which is a common chair style of Ming classical furniture.
Ming Dynasty classical furniture back chair
The backrest chair is a chair with only a back and no armrests, and it is divided into two types: the unified monument type and the lamp-hung type. The form of the chair of the unified monument is exactly the same as that of the Nanguan hat chair; The backrest of the lamp-hung chair is the same as that of the four-rise type, because it grows out of the column head at both ends and is slightly upturned, like a lamp pole that picks up a lamp, hence its name"Lamp hanging chairs"。In general, the chair shape of the backrest chair is smaller than that of the officer's hat chair. In the installation of materials, hardwood, miscellaneous wood and various lacquer decorations are all available, which are characterized by lightness, flexibility and easy use. Due to the changes in the brain and backrest, there are often many styles of backrest chairs, such as single-back chairs, lamp-hung chairs, comb-back chairs, etc. Single-arm chairs are also called"A monument to unification"The chair is like a stele, and it is also known as the southern folk"Alone"。
Lamp hanging chairsCompared with the lamp-hung chairs of the Song Dynasty, the Ming-style lamp-hung chairs pay more attention to the local changes in the decorative structure, such as the use of dwarf old, Luo Guo and Bawang, Tuojiao teeth, and backgammon techniques, the whole shape is simple and delicate, which is a typical representative of Ming-style classical furniture. The comb-back chair refers to a kind of backrest chair that is evenly arranged with a round stem, and the biggest feature of Ming-style classical furniture is that the functional design is reasonable, and it pays attention to the human scale, especially the Ming-style backrest chair is the most typical. As we all know, functional practicality is an essential attribute of all furniture. The structure and form design of furniture must first meet certain requirements of people's lives before considering the most perfect style. In this regard, Mr. Chen Zengbi once took the Huanghuali chair as an example to make an incisive discussion. Citing Mr. Yang Yao's early surveys and drawings of this chair, he showed that the dimensions of this chair are almost exactly the same as those of modern chairs, thus reflecting the fact that Ming classical furniture is based on human scale when determining various key dimensions.
Before the appearance of the Ming-style backrest chair, most of the backrests of the backrest chairs did not have curves and were straight, while the backrests on the Ming-style backrest chairs were not right-angled, but had a certain inclination and curve, so the backrest inclination and curve of the Ming-style chair fully reflected its scientificity. "The backrest of the chair should have a suitable leaning angle and curve, which seems to be very common today, but from the investigation of the history of furniture development, it can be seen that the design of the backrest and curve of the chair furniture backrest according to the characteristics of the human body is a major creation of the craftsmen of the Ming Dynasty. The side of the human spine, in its natural state"s'Shape. According to this characteristic, the craftsmen of the Ming Dynasty made the backrest suitable for the spine"s'shape curves; And according to the necessary reclination of the human body when resting, the backrest has a nearly one-fold back-inclination angle. As a result of this treatment, when the person sits on the chair, the back and the back of the chair have a large contact surface, and the muscles are fully rested, thus producing a sense of comfort. It is not easy to feel tired when sitting.
Backrest chair. Ming Dynasty classical furniture chairs
The chairs of the Ming Dynasty basically retained the shape of the previous generation. There are round-backed chairs and straight-backed chairs, but straight-backed chairs are less common than their predecessors. The backrest and armrests are curved rims made of three or five joints, which are very smooth. And there is a smooth back plate, the feet intersect, and there are foot pedals. A straight-backed chair is a type of chair with no armrests and a straight backrest. That is, the Hu bed introduced from the north at the end of the Han Dynasty, the shape is that the front and rear legs are crossed, the junction point is used as a shaft, and the upper beam is worn through the rope to replace the file. The arc-shaped ring is installed on the back corner of the sitting surface on the front leg, and the back plate is supported in the center, and the person can lean back on it. It is of a high grade in the interior furnishings. The chair is not only furnished indoors, but can also be carried when going out. In the Song, Yuan, Ming and even Qing dynasties, the royal family and wealthy families carried chairs when they went out for parades and hunting. Ming Xuanzong Xing Paradise is depicted with this kind of chair hanging on horseback for temporary rest. Because the chair is suitable for the rest needs of the human body, it has not changed significantly in form and structure for more than 1,000 years.
Ming Dynasty classical furniture circle chair
The circle chair is commonly known as the Luo circle chair, the back of the circle is connected to the armrest, the back panel is slightly leaned back, the upper half preserves the form of the chair, the lower half is the same as the ordinary chair, the lotus surface is woven with silk rope or rattan bark, there is also a hard heart, generally with hardwood color, there is a group of simple patterns in the center of the back panel, and there is no carving throughout the body. There is no big difference in the style of the Ming and Qing dynasties, but the two armrests of the Ming Dynasty have carved on the cloud head, and the upper end of the hidden back plate protrudes outside the circle, and rolls slightly backwards, which is a more special appearance. This kind of chair is suitable for the two sides of the square table in the hall, or the larger square and two columns, or the figure-eight shape is not against the wall. The shape of the circle chair is simple and dignified, and the backrest and seat surface are also comfortable, which can be used as a reference for making new furniture.
The circle chair is exactly the same as the cross chair circle, the cross chair is named after the characteristics under it, and the chair is named after the features on the surface. Strictly speaking, the chair should be a kind of circle chair, but because the appearance of the chair is later than the general chair, it is listed last. The chair evolved from the chair. The white head of the chair extends to the sides, and then it descends forward to form an armrest at the end. When people are sitting, their hands, elbows, and arms are supported together, which is very comfortable, so it is quite popular, so it has gradually developed into a chair for indoor use. Because the interior furnishings are relatively stable, there is no need to use crossed legs, so the four-legged and wooden board is used as the surface, which is not much different from the seat surface of the general chair, but the upper part of the chair still retains the form of the chair. In the hall furnishings and use, most of them are paired, and the chair circle of the circle chair used alone is mostly connected with arc-shaped round wood, the head is slightly thicker, and the white head is gradually thinner to both ends. In order to create a harmonious effect with the seat frame, the lower legs, feet and face columns of this type of chair are made of plain round wood, and only a group of simple floating patterns are dotted in the center of the front tooth plate and the center of the back plate.
Circle chairs. In the late Ming Dynasty, there was a kind of circle chair with drum legs and Peng teeth to support clay below the sitting surface. Despite the variety, the four columns are not made in conjunction with the legs and feet, but are attached separately, which inevitably affects the firmness of the rim. The chair style of the circle chair in the Ming Dynasty was highly valued by the world, and the level was higher than that of other chair circle chairs in the Ming Dynasty"Taishi chair"Another name for it. "Taishi chair"The name originally originated in the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty and arose from the Qin juniper period, and it is also the only type of furniture in China that bears an official title. The Taishi chair was one of the chairs in the Song Dynasty. According to historical records, in the Song Dynasty, a Beijing official named Wu Yuan came up with the idea of adding a wooden lotus leaf-shaped support to the back of Qin's chair in order to flatter Qin Hui, who was the great traitor of the Taishi at that time"Taishi-like"。Since then, there have been many followers, and it has become famous"Taishi chair"。
In the Ming Dynasty, this kind of chair was replaced by a beautiful and generous circle chair, and the circle chair was called"Taishi chair"。In the Qing Dynasty, all armchairs were called"Taishi chair"。This is obviously inappropriate, and the Qing Dynasty did not have it"Taishi"The official name of the company. Therefore, the Ming Dynasty called the circle chair the Taishi chair, which is another good name for the circle chair, and the Qing Dynasty called all the armchairs the Taishi chair, which is just a common name for the folk. In addition, there are sedan chairs, which are made the same as the circle chairs. The seat surface is very low from the ground, and it is to add a chassis, put on the sedan pole, and lift it to walk, but there are also those placed in the inner room. The backrest reclines at a large angle and the seat is soft, so it can be placed alone in front of the bed or in other corners.
Taishi chairs and bed-style chairs are similar in form but smaller in size, and are in pairs. The back of the chair is basically a three-screen type, with two armrests, and the seat surface is mostly square and trowelted. Most of the collections of the Palace Museum in Beijing were made in the Qing Dynasty, and most of the fine works were from the Kangxi to Qianlong periods. During the Qianlong period, the production is particularly fine, and the materials include red sandalwood, pear, ebony, chicken wings, mahogany, birch, oval, palm bamboo, etc. Some styles are special, the pattern is novel, and to the bronze, jade, weaving and embroidery and other aspects of absorbing materials, to create, so that it is suitable for the pattern of the seat, the pattern knife is familiar, the grinder is smooth. There are also inlaid porcelain, inlaid jade, enamel and another wood carving, as well as black lacquer and gold painting, etc., all of which are characteristic of the Qianlong period. Some of these chairs are set with square tables, and some are combined with beds and coffee tables, and the patterns and patterns all correspond to each other. It is best to set off against a plain wall, and if it is a highly decorative partition door, it is not very suitable.
Rose chair. Ming Dynasty classical furniture rose chair
It is sometimes seen in the famous paintings of the Song Dynasty, which is actually a kind of Nanguan hat chair. The use of this chair gradually increased during the Ming Dynasty. The backrest is usually lower than that of other chairs, and the height of the armrests is not much different. Set up several chairs with their backs against the window sill not to be higher than the window sill, and not higher than the table when matching the table display. When a set of tables and chairs is placed next to a set of tables and chairs in front of several tables or tables, the rose chair is also the most equivalent. Because of these characteristics, the rose chair, which is not very suitable, is very popular. The rose chairs of the Ming Dynasty are more round-footed, and the Qing Dynasty has square feet and round edges, and the back of the chair and the armrests are composed of three auspicious clouds. Rose chairs are mostly made of rosewood or wenge, and generally do not use rosewood or mahogany. The name of the rose chair is widely spread in the colloquial language of the craftsmen in Beijing, and there is no such name in the south, but it is called"Chairs"。The name of the rose chair has not yet been recorded in ancient books, only in the book "Luban Jing"."Rose-style chairs"entries.
The above is the sharing of Chen Changwen of China Wood Business Network on the "heavy weapon" of the Ming Dynasty classical furniture collection - a variety of "chairs" that cannot be jumped, I believe everyone understands.