Continuing with our course "Shuowen Jie Zi", this lesson will talk about a Chinese character "ji" in the "幺幺" section, which is simplified to "several" in modern Chinese, and "several" is a commonly used Chinese character in modern Chinese, which is included in the "List of Commonly Used Words in Modern Chinese" promulgated by the State Language Commission in 1988. Here's a problem: the simplified character "several" is actually a combined simplified character of the traditional Chinese characters "several" and "several", so is it really good to simplify "several" into "several"?
Few. There are four pronunciations:
一) jī. This is the pronunciation marked by the phonetic version of "Shuowen Jie Zi" of Zhonghua Book Company, and the explanation given is: "Few, micro also, 殆也." From [幺幺], from 戍. 戍, after guarding also. The soldiers and defenders are also in danger. "Knowing the word. Xu Shen believes that there are two meanings: (1) subtle signs (i.e., "micro"); 2) crisis; danger (i.e., "death").
Since it is a huiyi character, let's take a look at the evolution of the glyph:
several glyph evolutions).
The golden glyph of "several", above which is a "幺幺", like the shape of two bundles of silk, indicates subtlety; The lower part is a "戍", which indicates a person who holds a Ge and stands (stands guard or guards), the person in the glyph 1 is a side holder, and the person in the glyph 2 is a person who holds a Ge in the front. Whether it is on the front or side, he is a person who holds the gun, or sees the subtle changes of war like silk, or sees the danger of war like silk. From this, we can understand two directions and meanings: first, subtle signs, that is, "micro"; 2. Danger; Crisis, that is, "death".
Soldiers on the border).
But these two meanings can be summed up in the same direction, that isSubtle; Subtle. This is exactly the original meaning of "several".
In modern Chinese, the character "ji" is simplified by combining the "several" character to represent "case", which is a simplification of Chinese characters, but at the same time, it also loses the meaning brought by the interesting original method of understanding when the ancestors created the word "several", so it is difficult to determine whether the simplification is good or not. We can't change the process of the change of Chinese characters, just understand it.
The two meanings that Ji Shen said have use cases in the classics:
subtle signs. "Yi Zhi Xia": "A few, the slightest movement, and the auspicious seer." Han Kangbo notes: "The manifestation of good luck and evil begins with a small sign." "Historical Records: The Biography of Lislie": "Those who are Xu people, go to a few of them." Sima Zhen's "Historical Records Suoyin": "A few, the slightest movement, with words and gentlemen to see a few, do not wait all day; The villain doesn't know how to move, so every time he loses time. "Mediocre people can't catch the subtle signs of how things are going.
Crisis; Dangerous. "Erya Interpretation": "Few, dangerous." Guo Pu noted: "Few, still dead." "The Twelfth Year of Xuan Gong": "The few people who benefit the people and the rebellion of the people, think they are proud, how can they be rich? "How can we enrich our wealth by taking advantage of the danger of others as our own interests and taking advantage of the chaos of others as our own stability? "Hanshu Gao Di Ji": "The Chu soldiers are exhausted, and when they die on this day, they will not take it because of their few, and the so-called tiger raising will be self-inflicted." Yan Shigu notes: "Few, dangerous." "Now that the Chu army is exhausted and has run out of ammunition and food, this is really the best time given by God to destroy Chu. If the Chu people are released at this time, it will be a problem to raise tigers.
crisis) is almost in more than the original meaning, and there are many uses:
1) Affairs; Political affairs. Later, it was made "machine (machine)". Book Gao Taomo": "Conscientious, one day, two days, ten thousand." "Be conscientious, because government affairs happen every day.
2) critical; The essential. Later, it was made "machine (machine)". Dharma Sayings: The Prophet: "There are a few things for government." Li Liang notes: "Several, you want it." "Grasp the key points for the political leaders.
3) The internal laws of the development of things. "Yi Ji Ci I": "The reason why the sage is extremely deep and studied a few is also deep, so he can pass through the will of the world, and only a few, so he can become the affairs of the world." Kong Yingda Shu: "Those who study a few people, join the army to change, and there are a lot of intricacies. Through its changes, it becomes the text of heaven and earth, and it is extremely numerous, so as to determine the image of the world, which is to study a few also. (I Ching) is the sage's profound and in-depth study of the internal laws of the development of things, it is only its profundity, so it can reach the hearts of the people of the world, it is the only way it is the internal law of the development of things, so it can achieve all the affairs of the world, 4) opportunities; Period. Later, it was made "machine (machine)". Jade Chapter: "Few, time." "Poetry Xiaoya Chutz": "Brefaff, like a few like a style." Mao Chuan: "Few, period." "It means that the ritual of sacrificial observance is held on schedule.
5) Just; Succeed. Liang Qichao's "Anthology of the Ice Drinking Room: The Two Roads of Governance": "Our responsibility is not to reach the destination overnight. ”
6) legal prohibition; Limit. "Xiao Erya Guangxu": "Few, Fa Ye." Zhang Binglin's "Book of Promises: Learning Changes": "Kong Rong is no longer equal to the wine, and he has written a refuge of corporal punishment. The "liquor" here is the prohibition of alcohol, that is, the decree prohibiting alcohol.
7) Terminal; Exhaust. "Zhuangzi Dasheng": "Don't get tired of it, don't ignore people, and the people are almost true." "Not satisfied with the endowment of nature, nor ignoring the artificial intelligence, such a person is almost innocent!
8) Adverbs. There are two usages: a, to indicate very close, equivalent to "almost", "almost". "Erya Interpretation": "Few, near." "Hanshu Gao Di Ji": "Confucianism has been defeated in several official affairs!" "Li Shiqi, this ignorant boy has almost ruined Lao Tzu's big thing! b. Indicates inference, which is equivalent to "probably" and "maybe". "Zhuangzi Xu Wu Ghost": "Although the king is benevolent and righteous, he is almost hypocritical. "Although you are doing this to promote justice, perhaps it is closer to falsehood!
9) Conjunctions. It is equivalent to "then". Chapter 69 of "Lao Tzu": "Underestimate the enemy and lose my treasure." "To underestimate the enemy is to lose the "Three Treasures". The Three Jewels mentioned by Lao Tzu are: compassion; Frugal; Don't dare to be the first in the world.
10) Pass "譏 (ridicule)". There are two usages: a, audit; View. Qing Pan Yiyun's "Saying Wen Tongzheng": "Xunzi Wang System Chapter" 'Closing the market but not levying' Note, several, he's also inspected. The "Book of Rites" is "several" as "ridicule", which is a few ridicules. Yuan Hongdao of the Ming Dynasty "Book with Friends": "Brother Ming is more than wise, but deep is insufficient, and the fruit is shallow than a few." It also means awareness. Qing Huang Zongxi's "Guanglu Doctor Xu Gong Shinto Inscription": "The first few people who served the public were also." "b. Sarcasm. "Taixuan Collection": "When the time comes, Xi Ke is also a few people." Sima Guang's note: "Several, as ridicule, the words are timely, although there is no ridicule." ”
11) Tong "刉 (jī, assassination)". Sacrifice of blood. "Zhou Li, Qiu Guan, Dog Man": "Where there are several things that are Shen Er, use máng, variegated livestock." Zheng Xuan's note: "Xuan is a few words to read as a, and it should be used as a save, and the slasher is a matter of compassion." ”
12) Ancient place names. It is in the southeast of present-day Daming County, Hebei Province. "Historical Records of the Zhao Family": "King Huiwen) twenty-three years, Lou Chang general, attacked Wei Ji, can not be taken. In December, Lian Po generals, attacked a few, and took it. ”
In addition, several are surnames. "The Classic of Mountains and Seas: The Great Wilderness South Classic": "There is a villain named Jiao Yuzhi Country, and there are several surnames. "Tongzhi Clan Slightly Four": "Jishi, "Customs and Customs": After Song Dafu Zhongji, the word Wang Father is the clan. ”
ii) jǐ. The pronunciation comes from "Guangyun", 1) pronouns. There are three ways to use it: (a) to indicate a question, to ask about the number of questions. "Jade Chapter: Unit": "Few, a few." "Guangyun Tail Rhyme": "Few, how many." "The Twenty-third Year of the Zuo Chuan: The Twenty-third Year of the Emperor": "The husband has great merit but no responsibility, and there are those who are appeased, how many are there?" "With great merit and not being in a high position, how many such people can stabilize the country? (b) Expression of doubt. It is equivalent to "Ho", "what". Su Shi's "Water Tune Song Head": "When is the bright moon? Ask the sky for wine. ”
When is the bright moon? ）
c) Exclamation, equivalent to "how", "how". Li Bai's "Sending Wishes to the Eight Jiangdong to Get the Huansha Stone": "Jun went to the West Qin Shi to the East, and Bishan and Qingjiang were almost overlooked. ”
2) Numerals. There are two ways to use it: (a) to indicate that the quantity is very small. "The Sixteenth Year of Zhao Gong": "Han Zi has nothing to ask for. Du pre-note: "Words ask for less." "(b) indicates that there are significant quantities. Wen Yiduo "Gongchen": "The moon is full for a few weeks, and the flowers are a few degrees red, but I still wait for you, and I can't wait for your tide." ”
Several degrees of sunset red).
3) jì. The pronunciation is from "Collected Rhymes". There are two ways to use it:
1) Pass "Ji". Wish. "Zuo Biography: Sixteen Years of Mourning the Father": "The people of the country look forward to the king, as if they are looking at the years, and every day is going by." Du pre-note: "Ji Jun is coming." Lu Deming explained: "A few sounds of Ji, this or as Ji." "The people of the country look forward to you as much as they hope for a good harvest, every day.
2) Use the same "Ji", the year. Five generations and condensation "He Manzi": "It is the age of breaking melons, and he is used to being forgiven." ”
iv) qí. The pronunciation is from "Guangyun". There are three ways to use it:
1) Yi'e. Bump lines. "Collection Rhyme, Micro Rhyme": "Few, the Yi of the instrument." "The Book of Rites: Shaoyi": "The car is not carved. Zheng Xuan's note: "Few, attached to Yi Eye." ”
2) Tong "颀". "Historical Records: The Family of Confucius": "Qiu Deqi is a person, dark and dark, and a few long," Pei Chu's "Historical Records Collection Explanation" quoted Xu Guang as saying: ""Poetry" cloud: "'Graceful and long. Sima Zhen's "Historical Records Suoyin": "Several" and note '颀' are prayed together. "I got a sense of what kind of person the composer was, he was dark-skinned and tall.
3) Pass "Pig". Zhu Junsheng's "Shuo Wen Tong Xun Dingsheng Fu Bu": "Several, the same as using the word Fu. "The Sixteenth Year of Zhao Gong": "I laughed at it but didn't mourn me." "Are they laughing at us, and they won't bully us?
The writing of several small seals is shown in the figure:
A few small seals are written).
The merger and simplification of "several" and "several" to "several" also brings a problem, that is, when we use traditional characters, we must remember that "several" and "several" are two different traditional Chinese characters. Coffee tables, windows and windows are clean when using traditional Chinese with "several"; A few points, a few books in traditional Chinese with "several".
Regarding the explanation of "several", we will talk about it in detail when we go to "Saying Wen Jie Zi and Several Parts".
774 of Shuowen Jiezi], part of ** comes from the Internet, and the copyright belongs to the original copyright owner).