School of History, Capital Normal University, 707 Comprehensive Postgraduate Examination Materials of Chinese Archaeology
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Jaranpo
A: Jia Lanpo (1908 2001) is a modern Chinese archaeologist and Quaternary geologist. In 1931, he entered the Cenozoic Research Laboratory of the ** Geological Survey Institute and participated in the excavation of the Peking Man site in Zhoukoudian. In 1935, he succeeded Pei Wenzhong in the excavation and sorting of this area, and made important discoveries, and he believed that the Peking people were able to use fire, and showed progressive properties in terms of physical characteristics and stone tool making, so they could not be said to be the oldest humans, and the more ancient humans should be searched for in the early Pleistocene Nihewan strata. After the 50s of the 20th century, he participated, presided over and guided the excavation and research work of a series of important Paleolithic sites such as Dingcunhe, Xihoudu, Lantian, Shiyu, Xujiayao, Sarawusu, Shuidonggou and Nihewan, and the theory that the fine stone tools of China, Northeast Asia and North America may have originated in North China put forward in the 80s has attracted the attention of academic circles at home and abroad. His main academic works include "The Special Anthropological Insights of the Lunan Archaeological Team", "Chinese Ape Man", "Peking Man", "Paleolithic Age in China", etc.
What is a glacier? How does the presence of glaciers affect the Earth's climate?
Answer: (1) Definition of glacier.
A glacier is a type of geography that is shaped like a river by the accumulation of large amounts of ice. In alpine or polar regions that are frozen all year round, glaciers are formed by gravity or interglacial pressure that results in snow that slides down the slopes. Glaciers that move by gravity are called mountain glaciers or valley glaciers, while glaciers that move by pressure between glaciers are called continental glaciers or ice caps. Glaciers are the largest reservoir of freshwater resources on Earth and the largest natural reservoir on Earth after the ocean.
2) The impact of glaciers on climate.
Glaciers have an important impact on the regulation of the global climate, for example, it contains a large amount of water resources, can regulate the earth's temperature, maintain the global thermal balance, water balance, and can also protect the coastline from extending to the land, so as to protect the ecological balance of the coastal sea, if the glacier melts, the consequences will be unimaginable.
Settlement morphology
Answer: Settlement form is a general term for various forms of human settlement. It includes not only the way in which the house is arranged, but also the nature and treatment of other buildings that are relevant to the life of the community. These settlements are a reflection of the natural environment, reproducing the techniques used by the builders and the various systems of social handover and control maintained by this culture. Settlement forms can be divided into micro settlement forms and macro settlement forms, and through the archaeological study of settlement forms, it can help us study the living forms of people in the past, the spatial layout of burials and their changes, so as to explore the organizational structure of ancient societies and the relationship between people, which is the most important means of social archaeology.
Beixin Culture
A: Beixin Culture is a Neolithic cultural site located in Tengzhou City, Shandong Province. It dates from about 7300 to 6300 years ago, and is named after the Beixin site excavated in Tengzhou City, Shandong Province, and is roughly distributed in Tai'an, Shandong Province. Typical sites include the Beixin site, the lower cultural layer of the Tai'an Dawenkou site, and the lower cultural layer of the Yanzhou Wangyin site. The main feature of the Beixin cultural relics is that the houses are mostly oval and circular semi-crypt with doorways, and the indoor stove surface is the same as the living surface. The tombs are mainly rectangular pit tombs, and it is popular to bury a single person with a straight limb on his back, and there are a small number of secondary burials and joint burials of more than two people in the late period, and the custom of extracting the side incisors before his death is popular. The burial goods were generally poor, and there was no significant difference. In addition to the stone tools, the unearthed artifacts also have mud strip plate building and mud chip plastering, the surface of the vessel is mainly plain, there are some grate lines and carved patterns, and the red cloth pottery and single color pottery appeared in the late period. The pottery shape is more three-legged and flat-bottomed, including tripods, kettles, basins, three-legged bowls, etc.
Chengbei Creek Culture
A: The Chengbeixi culture is a Neolithic archaeological culture in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, about 7,000 years ago. The Chengbeixi culture was named after the Chengbeixi culture that was first discovered in Wujiagang Village, Honghuatao, Zhicheng Town, Yidu City, Yichang City, Hubei Province, in the early 1980s. Chengbeixi culture is the earliest primitive cultural relics found in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and other representative sites include Yidu Huamiao Embankment, Huamiao Embankment, Chestnut Nest, Zhicheng North, Zhi**Longshan, Zigui Chaotianzui, Liulinxi, Yichang Lujiahe, Badong Nanmu Garden, Dianzitou and so on. The pottery is mainly sand-filled red pottery, sand-filled gray pottery, clay red pottery and polished black pottery, etc., which occupy a certain proportion. The pottery decoration is mainly based on light thin rope patterns, in addition to line patterns, stamp patterns, carved patterns, etc., and a small amount of faience. Stone tools are mainly beaten, and some parts are polished. Bone tools include bone needles, bone awls, bone shovels, etc.
Empty header
Answer: Kongshou cloth is a kind of metal currency minted by Zhou, Jin, Zheng, Wei and other countries during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and it is the earliest form of cloth currency. It takes the phase agricultural shovel, and its head is hollow, so it is called the empty first cloth. It was mainly prevalent in the Central Plains and Sanjin regions from the Spring and Autumn Period to the late Warring States Period, and the popular time was from the Spring and Autumn Period to the late Warring States Period. According to the shape, it can be roughly divided into three types: shrugging shoulders and point-to-foot empty head cloth, flat shoulder arc foot empty head cloth, and oblique shoulder arc foot empty head cloth. Later, the size of the empty head cloth gradually became smaller, and the flat head cloth evolved from the empty head cloth. It was abolished by Qin Shi Huang in 221 BC.
Bronze
Answer: Bronze is a great invention in human history, it is an alloy of red copper and tin or lead, and is called bronze because of its turquoise rust. The melting point is between 700 900 C, and it has high casting performance. At the beginning of the 4000 BC, bronze first appeared in Iran, Turkey and Mesopotamia, and the earliest bronze in China appeared in the Majiayao culture in Gansu Dongxiang Linjia site, about 5000 years ago. China's Bronze Age lasted for a long time, and exquisite works of art were produced one after another, occupying an important position in the world's bronze history.
Pig iron
Answer: Pig iron is an iron-carbon alloy with a carbon content greater than 2%, and it is an iron tool smelted under the condition of 1150 1300. Judging from the iron tools unearthed by archaeology, at the latest in the late Spring and Autumn Period, China has invented pig iron smelting technology. Pig iron is in a liquid state when it is baked, can be continuously cast, can be cast and molded, due to the high carbon content, the texture is relatively hard, which makes the smelting and molding efficiency as well as the output and quality of the product are greatly improved. Therefore, from block iron smelting to pig iron, it is a leap in ironmaking technology.
Bu Jia
Answer: The divination armor is a tortoise shell used for divination. In the Longshan period, there was a tortoise shell burial, and I don't know if it was used for divination. In the Shang Dynasty, a large number of armor were used, and a large number of tortoise shells were found in the tombs of the Shang Dynasty, especially in the Yin Ruins, and the tortoise shells used were mostly tortoise belly shells, and the dorsal armor was relatively few. There are about 150,000 oracle bones unearthed in Yinxu, and the research on oracle bones includes interpretation, analysis of divination texts, periodization and dating research, and social and historical research. During the two-week period, the turtle was still relatively prosperous, and gradually declined after the Qin and Han dynasties. Shang and Zhou Bujia, there are many drill and burn marks, according to the burning obtained omen pattern divination auspicious. The study of oracle bones is of great significance to the study of ancient Chinese social history, history of science and technology, paleography and linguistics.
Bi Bao Ring
Answer: Bi Bao Ring is three types of jade ritual vessels related to the circle, "Erya Shi Qi": "The meat is twice as good, it is called Bi; Good times meat, called the ring; The meat is as good as one, and it is called a lot. "Good is the hole in the middle, and the meat is the edge. The big side hole is called Bi, the hole is large and the side is small, and the hole is as big as the side is called the ring. There is a difference in the hole radius of the three, in which the hole radius of Bi is less than half of the overall radius, while the hole radius of the ring is greater than half of the overall radius, and the hole radius of the ring is exactly half of the overall radius.
Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties project
Answer: The Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties project is a scientific research project in China that combines natural sciences and humanities and social sciences to study the chronology of the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties. The project was launched in May 1996 and is a national key scientific and technological research project of the Ninth Five-Year Plan. The project set up 9 topics and 44 topics, and organized more than 170 experts from the fields of history, paleography, historical geography and dating technology to jointly tackle key problems. The objectives of the project include: the kings before the first year of the Western Zhou Republic (841 B.C.), and propose a more accurate date; In the late Shang Dynasty, the kings below Wuding put forward a more accurate date; In the early Shang Dynasty, a more detailed chronological framework was proposed; The Xia Dynasty proposed a basic chronological framework. In November 2000, the project officially released the "Xia Shang Anniversary Table", but it did not pass the national acceptance.
"There are oracle bones with words".
Answer: "Character oracle bone" refers to the tortoiseshell animal bone engraved with words, which is a special text carrier. The characters engraved on the oracle bones are called oracle bone inscriptions, also known as "deed scripts", "oracle bone scripts", Yinxu scripts or "tortoiseshell beast bone inscriptions", which are the oldest and most mature scripts in early China. In the autumn of the 25th year of Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty (1899 AD), Yirong (1845 1900), the king of the Qing Dynasty, was sick with malaria and sent someone to buy a dose of Chinese medicine at Darentang, the vegetable market outside Xuanwumen. Wang Yirong accidentally saw that one of the traditional Chinese medicines called dragon bones was carved with some symbols, much like ancient characters, but its shape was not 籀 (big seal) or not seal (small seal). In order to find more keels for in-depth research, he sent people to Darentang, and bought all the keels engraved with symbols in the pharmacy for two taels of silver each, and later purchased them through antique dealer Fan Weiqing and others, and collected more than 1,500 pieces in total. In 1903, China's first oracle bone inscription book "Tieyun Hidden Turtle" appeared, and the following year there appeared to interpret the oracle bone script "Examples of Deed Texts", and in 1928, Dong Zuobin presided over archaeological excavations, and then after fifteen excavations, a large number of oracle bone remains were found.
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