College of Resources, Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, 833 Physical Geography Postgraduate Examination Materials
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Aerosol particles
A: Aerosol particles are atmospheric suspended solid impurities and liquid particles. In addition to water droplets and ice crystals that are turned into water vapor, there are mainly atmospheric dust and other impurities. Its radius is generally 1 10 2 1 10 8 cm, and it is mostly concentrated in the lower atmosphere. There are two main types of aerosol particles: natural and artificial. Natural sources include volcanic ash, cosmic dust, meteorite ash, plant pollen spores, weathered rock dust, forest fires, and salt particles left in the air after seawater splatters evaporate. Artificial sources are mainly smoke and dust emitted from human activities and industrial production processes.
Solar radiation
A: Solar radiation refers to the electromagnetic waves and particle streams emitted by the sun into space. Although the solar radiation energy received by the Earth is only 1/2 billion of the total radiation energy radiated by the Sun into space, it is the main source of the Earth's surface energy. Its distribution in the upper sphere of the atmosphere is determined by the astronomical position of the earth and is called astronomical radiation, and the climate determined by astronomical radiation is called astronomical climate, which reflects the basic contours of the spatial distribution and temporal changes of the global climate. In addition to the changes of the sun itself, the astronomical radiation energy is mainly determined by the distance between the sun and the earth, the solar altitude angle and the length of the day.
River runoff
A: River runoff is the flow of water that brings together the surface and the ground of the land and into a river. It includes the dynamic surface water and most of the dynamic groundwater produced by atmospheric precipitation and mountain glacier snow melt, which is an important link in the water cycle and the basic element of water balance. The runoff of a river is calculated by the actual observation data of the hydrological station, and the size and change of river runoff are related to natural geographical factors such as climate and human economic activities in the basin, and the distribution of river runoff is zonal and the change is periodic.
Scuba diving
A: Diving refers to gravitational water with a free surface that is buried below the surface, above the first stable aquifer. Diving mainly occurs in Quaternary loose deposits, bedrock surface fissure zones or limestone karst caves, and its free water surface is called the diving surface, the distance between the surface and the diving surface is the diving burial depth, and the distance from the diving surface to the water barrier floor is the thickness of the diving aquifer. There is no continuous aquifer above the diving layer, not under pressure or only locally under pressure, and the recharge ** mainly includes atmospheric precipitation, surface water and other groundwater, which is an important water supply source, usually buried shallowly, widely distributed, easy to exploit, but susceptible to pollution.
Ocean currents
Answer: Ocean current is a large-scale and relatively stable flow of seawater due to heat radiation, evaporation, precipitation, cold contraction, etc., formed by water mass of different densities, coupled with wind stress, geostrophic deflection force, tidal attraction force, etc. It is the main regulator of the thermal environment on the earth's surface, which can be divided into warm currents and cold currents, if the water temperature of the ocean current is higher than the water temperature that reaches the sea area, it is called the warm current, and the ocean current that flows from low latitude to high latitude is the warm current; If the water temperature of the ocean current is lower than the water temperature reaching the sea area, it is called a cold current, and the ocean current that flows from high latitudes to low latitudes is generally called a cold current. Sailing along the currents of the sea can save fuel and speed up; When warm and cold currents meet, sea fog often forms, which is not good for sea navigation. In addition, ocean currents carry icebergs southward from the Arctic region, which poses a greater threat to maritime navigation.
Westerly drifting
Answer: Westerly drifting refers to the ocean current formed by the continuous flow of seawater from west to east in the sea area located in the westerly wind belt between 40° and 60° north and south latitudes. Westerly drifting, in a broad sense, refers to the ocean current formed by the large-scale flow of sea water from west to east under the blowing of the prevailing westerly wind. In the Northern Hemisphere, the westerly drift is a continuation of the Japanese Warm Current and the Gulf Current, which are called the "North Pacific Warm Current" and the "North Atlantic Warm Current" respectively. In the Southern Hemisphere, westerly drifts from the oceans join together to form a global circulation across the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans, which is cold in nature.
What is a river? How does the amount of water in the river change with the seasons?
Answer: (1) River refers to the general term of natural waterways that are concentrated in the surface grooves under the action of gravity. Rivers are the reservoirs of freshwater resources on the earth's surface that renew rapidly, and they are important freshwater bodies on which human beings depend. Rivers are divided into outflow and endorhes based on their flow into the ocean and into inland lakes or swamps.
2) The river has a significant temporal variation. As the seasons change, so does the recharge, water level, and flow of the river throughout the year. According to the changes in river water conditions in a year, it can be divided into several periods of water characteristics, such as flood season, flat water period, dry period or freezing period. Generally, the summer flood season is long, the runoff is large, and the flood peak fluctuates violently. The spring flood flow is small and the duration is short. During the dry season, the river water is mainly recharged by groundwater, so the flow is small and does not change much. If the river freezes at this time, it is also called the freezing period. When the river is in a normal period, the flow and water level are in a moderate state. Since there are interannual variations in atmospheric precipitation, there are also interannual variations in river runoff. Flood and drought are two important characteristic values of river runoff.
What is a lake? How is the world's lake and marsh area shrinking rapidly? What's the harm?
Answer: (1) Definition of lake.
A lake is a relatively wide body of water formed by the accumulation of water in the depression on the surface of the land, and is a natural complex of the interaction between the lake basin, the lake water and the matter in the lake.
2) Causes of the shrinkage of lakes and marshes.
the reduction of upstream make-up water and local precipitation due to global warming; excess water consumption for production and domestic use caused by intensified human activities; Lake reclamation and development activities, water pollution, water body enrichment oxidation, etc.
and 3) the harm caused by the shrinking area of lakes and marshes.
The water quality of lakes and marshes has declined, a large number of aquatic animals and plants have died, the area of salinized land has increased, the problem of desertification has intensified, the area of green space has shrunk, the vegetation cover has decreased, the frequency of sandstorms has increased, and the ecosystem has been seriously damaged.
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