Liu Qi **Qilu one point.
After more than three years of preparation and construction, the Taiyuan Beiqi Mural Museum, the country's first special museum of ruin-class tomb mural art, opened to the public on December 20 and immediately became a popular place to check in. At about the same time, the theme forum of "Fahai Temple: Mural Technology, Art and History" and the 580th anniversary of the completion of Beijing Fahai Temple were held in Beijing, and digital technology has successfully provided new ideas for the restoration and protection of Fahai Temple murals. The murals, which have been impregnated for a long time and should have become increasingly "fragile", have entered a new level of protection and display under the impetus of new technologies and new concepts.
The first ruin-class tomb mural museum.
At the end of the year, after more than 3 years of preparation and construction, the Taiyuan Northern Qi Mural Museum was officially opened to the public. "Blockbuster museum, aesthetic super**!Why is this museum, which is currently "out of the circle" on apps such as Xiaohongshu and Douyin, so hot?The museum was built on the original site of the tomb of Xu Xianxiu of the Northern Qi Dynasty, one of the "top ten new archaeological discoveries in the country in 2002", and is the first special museum of mural art in the tombs of the ruins.
The tomb of Xu Xianxiu has a history of more than 1,400 years, it is a large tomb with relatively complete preservation of murals in the Northern Qi Dynasty, more than 300 square meters of murals in the Northern Qi Dynasty have been preserved, and there are more than 200 characters of all kinds in the murals, including grand scenes such as couples feasting and entertaining, chariots and horses ceremonial guards and ox cart travel. At the core of the exhibition hall of the Taiyuan Northern Qi Mural Museum, the murals of Xu Xianxiu's tomb were protected in situ. When the tourists approach, the floor lamp is lit, the two walls of the deep tomb road, and the original murals are faintly recognizableBehind the tomb road, information such as the mound of sealed earth and the robbery hole left by the tomb robbers are also preserved. The murals of Xu Xianxiu's tomb are not only representative works of the highest level of painting at that time, but also vividly reproduce the unique social features and life scenes of the Northern Qi Dynasty, and prove the historical status of Kuching Yang as "the overlord of the Eastern Wei Dynasty and the capital of the Northern Qi Dynasty".
The museum's "Simple Biaomei" exhibition hall brings together famous tomb murals such as the tomb of Lourong in Northern Qi in Taiyuan discovered in 1979, the Shuiquanliang tomb in Shuozhou discovered in 2008, and the Jiuyuangang tomb in Xinzhou discovered in 2012. Art professionals believe that when it comes to the Northern and Southern Dynasties in the history of painting, the murals of the tombs of the Northern Dynasties are the highlight topics that must be discussed. The mural unearthed from the tomb of Lou Rong, the powerful minister of the Northern Qi Dynasty, can be called the peak of the mural painting of the Northern Dynasty, and the real trace is in the museum. In the early 80s of the last century, the mural of Lou Rong's tomb was unearthed, causing a sensation in the art history and art circles, ** The former dean of the Academy of Fine Arts, painter Wu Zuoren said: "The Northern Qi Dynasty painting, which has been based on the history of thousands of years and has seen the outline, has suddenly seen the light of day and made the history of Chinese painting ......."The vacancy was confirmed. ”
As the country's first site-type tomb mural art museum, the Taiyuan Beiqi Mural Museum reflects the changes in the "observation mode" of tombs (and murals) by researchers and visitors. Art historian Wu Hung believes that tomb art is the oldest tradition in Chinese art, and in recent years, art history research has increasingly recognized the importance of tombs as a comprehensive architecture and artistic creations. Takamatsuzuka Kofun Museum, Nara Prefecture, Japan, etc. Some museums even use high-tech digital computer technology to reconstruct the interior space of the tomb, so that visitors and researchers can have a more intuitive experience of the original design and decoration of the tomb.
The database brings the mural to life.
On December 21st, the theme forum of "Fahai Temple: Mural Technique, Art and History" and the 580th anniversary of the completion of Beijing Fahai Temple were held in the Mural Art Museum of Fahai Temple. Fahai Temple, located in Cuiwei Mountain, Beijing, has the highest level murals of the Ming Dynasty. Today, the mural art gallery built at the foot of the mountain has been digitally presented in high definition.
Fahai Temple is gradually becoming known for its exquisite murals. The temple was built in the orthodox years of the Ming Dynasty, the murals of the ten shops of the Daxiong Treasure Hall are painted with 77 figures, there are men, women and children, Buddha, God and Bodhisattva, the murals come from the palace "Ministry of Industry Camp", using the ancient traditional "painting gold" and "leaching powder and pasting gold" skills, so that the murals are both golden and brilliant, and have three-dimensional relief effects. In 1937, British female journalist Angela Latham published her visit to Fahai Temple in the "London News" pictorial, bringing back the Fahai Temple, which had been lost in the dust of history for a long time, but its mysterious style has been difficult for everyone to appreciate.
In the 21st century, the concept of cultural relics protection has changed. "The murals in the temple cannot be simply protected as cultural relics, and the murals of Fahai Temple, as an artistic treasure of traditional Chinese culture, should be understood by more people. "The gradual rise of digital technology provides a new idea for the restoration and protection of the murals of Fahai Temple—to establish a basic database of murals.
Due to the fact that the original mural is in the dark environment for a long time, the ordinary light source will generate heat, so the collection work uses a cold light source to restore the natural light brightness to the greatest extent. The murals of Fahai Temple are large and narrow, and the staff need to complete high-precision work in a small area. For example, the "Water Moon Goddess of Mercy" statue behind the fan wall of the temple hall covers an area of 2025 square meters, the collector can only shoot an image range of 30 cm and 60 centimeters at a time, and in order to complete the collection of this mural, the collector must be adjusted at least more than 100 times.
In the Fahai Temple Mural Art Museum, the 4K high-definition display screen shows the specific content of the Fahai Temple mural in detail, and the characters and screen sizes displayed are 1 to 1 to restore the authentic works, and the local details can also be displayed in dynamic high-definition, with detailed voice explanation. For example, the high-definition screen of the "Water Moon Guanyin" can magnify the details of the mural to the extreme, clearly showing each technique, especially the white shawl on Guanyin's body.
The mural tomb was packed and moved into the museum.
In the Shaanxi Archaeological Museum, the country's first archaeological museum opened last year, a mural tomb of the Yuan Dynasty made a stunning appearance. What is special about it is that the Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology excavated this tomb of the Yuan Dynasty at the same time, and moved it into the museum as a whole.
The mural tomb is located in Pucheng County, Weinan City, is an octagonal curved hole top brick tomb, as a rare mural tomb in the Mengyuan and Yuan dynasties, the mural is rich in color and well preserved. In the past, the overall relocation would be packed together with the bricks, but this time, considering the load-bearing of the museum building and the effect of the mural exhibition, the relocation method not only brought the mural back as a whole, but also innovatively adopted the method of "replacing the support" - after doing a good job of internal reinforcement and support, the external bricks of the mural tomb were removed and the new support was strengthened and bonded, so as to complete the overall relocation of the mural tomb.
The most difficult task was the removal of the bricks from the outside of the cemetery. The mural tomb of the Yuan Dynasty only has a thin layer of white ash, which is brushed on the bricks, and if you are not careful when dismantling the bricks, you may take a piece of the painting away. Therefore, when removing bricks, it is necessary to make sure that the mural does not slip up, and sometimes it may only take a brick to remove in the morning, which is very time-consuming. Once the mural is separated from the ground, it is hoisted and transported. In the end, the Yuan Dynasty mural tomb was relocated as a whole, and the weight was only 35 tons.
In May 2021, after the mural tomb of the Yuan Dynasty in Donger Village, Pucheng County was moved into the museum, the cultural relics conservators once again protected the murals, and this work lasted for another 10 months, including removing the wooden cage bone support, gypsum linen support, surface attachment materials, etc., and then cleaning, reinforcing and retouching the picture.
Considering the fragility of the mural, it is impossible for the viewer to enter and see it when it is displayed. Therefore, the exhibition staff envisaged to raise the entire mural tomb, and the mural tomb weighed 3 when hoisted5 tons, less than 3 tons after removing the material inside, and then raise the entire mural tomb by 3 meters, so that the audience can see clearly and comprehensively when they look up.
The mural of this mural tomb of the Yuan Dynasty is divided into two parts: the straight wall mural and the top wall mural, and the customs of the Mengyuan and Yuan dynasties are different from those of the Han people. Many of the murals of the Tang Tomb have a certain standard, such as the music and dance map on the east wall, and the Xuanwu map on the north wall. But in the Yuan Dynasty, it was different, for example, the mural content of this tomb was more vivid, and it was completely a scene of life. The revitalized murals are like a "documentary" left by the people of the Yuan Dynasty to the present people.