Resources.
bassett, elizabeth (retrieved nov. 2007) gilyak (nivkh) culture - minnesota state university, mankato - emuseum
black, lydia (1973) nivkh (gilyak) of sakhalin and the lower amur. arctic anthropology. volume 10 no.1, 110p.
The Sakhalin people obtained iron tools from the Asian continent, and elements of Chinese culture and traditions such as the Lunar New Year and dragons, as well as material goods such as agriculture, heating technology, silk, and cotton, spread ...... among the ethnic groupLater they suffered badly as a result of the conquest of **, and the Russians called them kinrsh (devils) ......
In the late Pleistocene, the Nivkh people lived on Sakhalin Island, which was then connected to the Asian mainland by the bare Tatar Strait. When the ice age receded, the oceans rose, and the Nivkh people were divided into two groups, continental and island.
Scholars believe that the Nivkh people were once widely distributed throughout much of Northeast Asia and influenced other peoples and their cultures.
The ancestors of the Nivkh had an important influence on Manchuria until the 17th century CE when it was ruled by the Qing Empire and later the Russians and Japanese.
The earliest historical mention of the Nivkh is believed to have been in 12th-century Chinese texts of a tribe named "Gillémi" who had contact with the Mongol rulers of the Yuan dynasty.
Gillette has been allied with the Mongols since 1263, and when the Mongols invaded Sakhalin, they objectively helped to help the Nivkh (Gillettemi) against the Ainu, who had previously come from Hokkaido, Japan, to encroach on the living space of the Nivkh people in Sakhalin.
After the Yuan Dynasty, Trans-Manchuria and Sakhalin were included in the Ming Dynasty as part of the Nurgandus, and the Ainu and Nivkh became tributary tribes of the Ming Dynasty in China.
In the 15th century, in 1409, the Yongle Emperor established the Yongning Monastery at the mouth of the Heilongjiang River and the Nurgan Dusi to collect mink tribute from Sakhalin.
With the accession to the tributary system of the Ming Dynasty, Sakhalin also obtained iron tools from the Asian continent through this **. Later, the Ming system in Sakhalin was imitated by the Qing dynasty, which later influenced the region.
As a result of the Ming Dynasty's rule over Outer Manchuria, Chinese culture and traditions such as Chinese elements such as the Lunar New Year, Chinese gods, dragons, scrolls, and material goods such as agriculture, animal husbandry, heating technology, iron pots, silk, and cotton, spread among ethnic groups such as the Udegai, Nivkh, and Nanai.
In 1643, Vassili Poyarkov became the first Russian to come into contact with the Nivkhs, calling them Gilyak, a Tungusic name that remained in use until the 1920s.
For many years, the Nivkh were tributaries of the Qing Empire. After the signing of the Treaty of Nebuchu in 1689, the Nivkh acted as intermediaries between Russians, Chinese and Japanese, as well as the Ainu, Japanese vassals.
The Nivkh suffered badly from the conquest of the Cossacks, and the Russians called the Nevkh kinrsh (devils). After the Treaty of Aihun in 1858 and the Treaty of Peking in 1860, the Russian Empire took full control of the area inhabited by the Nivkhs.
The Russians established a penal colony on Sakhalin, which operated from 1857 to 1906. Many Russian criminals were transported to Sakhalin, including Lev Sternberg, an important early ethnographer from Nivkh.
The Nivkh, who are sometimes employed as prison guards and track fugitives, have also suffered from epidemics such as smallpox, plague and influenza brought by migrants, "where the virus spreads in crowded, unsanitary prison conditions." ”
From the 1880s to 1948, Russia allowed Japanese fishermen to fish on the lands of the Nivkh people. Although Japanese and Nivkh fishermen were allowed to develop and operate Sakhalin, although they were heavily taxed.
Russia, through bans and high taxes, has banned the Nivkh from fishing in the former coastal and river systems. And forced the Nivkh to import expensive Russian food, if they did not do that, many Nivkh would go hungry.
After the Soviet Union was founded, the self-proclaimed name "Nivkh" was adopted instead of the old name "Gilyak". The Nivkh were forced to join collective farms and carry out large-scale agricultural and industrial labor collectives.
It is difficult for Nivkh fishermen to convert to agricultural production because they believe that arable land is a sin.
These collective farm policies irrevocably changed the way of life of the Nevkh people, and the traditional hunter-gatherer way of life disappeared. The USSR saw the Nivkh as a model for the rapid transformation from "barbarians" to "modern people", banned the use of the Nivkh language in schools and public places, forced the promotion of the Russian language, and the Nivkh accelerated the Russification ......
Many Nivkh folklore, beliefs and traditions have been forgotten by the new generation.
Due to changes in the international situation, between 1945 and 1948, many Nivkh people living in the southern half of Sakhalin under Japanese administration were forced to choose to emigrate to Japan with Japanese settlers.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, collective farms were abandoned. The Nivkh had previously relied heavily on state funding, and as society changed again, the already impoverished Nivkh quickly fell into economic hardship.
February** Dynamic Incentive Program