Tsarist Russia expanded and retreated in the Americas, crossing the Bering Sea
Headline Creation Challenge Russia invaded Kamchatka at the end of the 17th century. The Cossack Kruts Molozko, under the leadership of Vladimir Atrasov, led 16 people along the southern shore of the Chukotka Peninsula to conquer the Koryaks and entered Kamchatka on the way.
Atlasov was so excited by the intelligence that Molozko brought back that he decided to personally lead the army to conquer the region. Atlasov mustered all the men he could muster, a force of 120 men, half of whom were native, carrying three guns, and headed for Kamchatka by sea.
Atrasov decided to divide his forces into two routes, with Molodko, who had previously reached Kamchatka, leading his troops to the southeast, and himself to the south from the west of the peninsula via the river.
Atrasov and his troops marched east by water, but on the way they went, the Yukagirs mutinied. They killed 3 people, wounded 15 others, and then quickly fled.
However, there was no turning back for Atlasov, he could only move on. Eventually, he reached the Kamchatka Valley and erected a cross by the river as a sign of conquest.
He headed south and returned to ** in 1697. Atlasov brought back a large amount of furs for the tsar, which allowed *** to begin preparations for the conquest of Kamchatka.
However, due to the war of the Chukotka people, it was not possible to draw enough troops to Kamchatka. To make matters worse, there was infighting among the Cossacks, and even Atlasov, the "Yermak of Kamchatka", lost his life.
Over the next few years, several clashes broke out between Kamchatka and Cossacks. The Cossack Anchiflov of Avacha was killed in the hospitality of the Kamchatkas, which provoked a retaliatory action of **.
The Kamchatcans, who sent troops and submissions, made an example by fiercely attacking those who would not surrender and burning their places of residence.
However, the Kamchatka revolt never stopped, and their revolt escalated under ** of **. Finally, in the spring of 1731, the Kamchatcans staged one of the largest uprisings.
Under the leadership of the chieftain Toionfodor Kharchin, Tsarist Russia's eastward expansion was launched again. When Krykov, the Cossack chief of Kamchatka, ordered local women to collect berries and turn them in, causing public outrage, Kharchin led his troops to revolt.
They killed Krykov in one fell swoop and swept through several Cossack summer camps. Upon hearing the news that the ** people planned to sail from the mouth of the Kamchatka River, Kharchin immediately led the Kamchatkans to occupy the important town of Nizhny Kamchatsk, destroyed a large number of houses, and killed more than half of the Cossacks.
The rebels began to entrench themselves in Nizhny Kamchatsk, building fortifications and expanding their ranks by connecting Kamchatkans from elsewhere. Kharchin imitated the ** man and established himself the title of "commissar".
After hearing the news, the Russian troops who rushed to the city began to attack the city after failing to persuade them to surrender. The artillery they used caused great damage to the fragile fortifications of the Kamchatkas, and the loud noise of the firearms caused the Kamchatkans to panic so much that the captured Cossacks and Russian women in the city took the opportunity to escape.
Halchin could only lead a few followers out of the castle in disguise. Most of the Kamchatcans in the city, except for 30 who surrendered, were killed by the Russian army. Fleeing in disarray, Kharchin gathered his dependents and local leaders and prepared to go to sea to meet the Russian army.
Their team encountered a Russian army on the way, and the two sides faced off along the river. Perhaps still apprehensive about the battle for Nizhny Kamchatsk, Kharchin decided to negotiate with the Russian army.
* pretended to agree to his request, but set up an ambush halfway to capture Kharchin and his brothers, and dispersed the Kamchatkans who were trying to rescue him with artillery.
Although Kharchin was captured, his men continued to fight the Russians in Kamchatka. Finally, in 1732, the Kamchatka uprising was completely suppressed.
This uprising led to a sharp decline in the number of indigenous people in Kamchatka, and measures had to be taken to ease the tension between the local aborigines and the **people.
* The continuous improvement of the ruling apparatus in this region led to the gradual subsidence of the mass uprisings of the Kamchatkas. However, the Kuril Islands, south of Kamchatka, became the focal point of the struggle between Russia and Japan.
In 1699, when Atrasov set foot on Kamchatka, he found a Japanese merchant named Denbei. The merchant was from Osaka, Japan, where he was displaced after a storm struck him in 1695.
At the same time, the ** people also began their plans for the expansion of the Kuril Islands. By 1721, the Northern Kuril Islands were successfully incorporated into the territory.
After that, some ** ships encountered a storm and went down the river to the southern Kuril Islands. In the mid-18th century, ** frequently visited the Kuril Islands, and began to forcibly collect furs and colonize the islands.
These actions aroused vigilance and countermeasures from the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan. In the end, the northern Kuril was owned by **, and the southern Kuril was owned by Japan. Sakhalin Island was clearly designated as the territory of the Qing Empire in the Treaty of Nebuchu, and paid tribute to the Qing for a long time.
However, due to the long-term blockade of the northeast by the Qing Dynasty, only a few people lived in this huge land. Therefore, both Japan and ** regard this place as no man's land and carry out immigration.
Qing ** didn't care about this, or was completely unaware.
After Perry's knock, Japan was forced to sign the "Japan-US Goodwill Treaty", and Western countries came one after another. After that, Tsarist Russia forced Japan to sign the Treaty of Friendship between Japan and Russia.
In 1874, after the Meiji Restoration, Japan sent a plenipotentiary envoy to Petersburg to negotiate. On the issue of territorial division, especially Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, Japan and ** signed the "Birch Tai Kuril Exchange Treaty" on May 7, 1875, and Japan took back the entire Kuril Islands on the basis of giving up the southern part of Sakhalin, that is, the southern part of Sakhalin occupied by Japan in exchange for the northern part of the Kuril Island.
This was the end of the dispute between Japan and Russia over the northern territories. Although the two sides have reached an agreement, ** is still a dark cloud over the north of Japan, and Japan has been on high alert for ** before the Russo-Japanese War.
However, the people did not stop the pace of continuing to move eastward, and the New World of the Americas was full of people as much. As early as 1716, explorers began to explore the Americas.
At that time, the northern part of the Americas was a place full of unknowns for Europeans, and even whether the Americas and Asia bordered was a serious question.
The mission from Asia to the Americas was completed by Vithas Bering's expedition. Although the first expedition was unsuccessful, in the second operation, Bering's expedition finally made a gain.
He brought much-needed intelligence about the Aleutian Islands to **. What's more, Bering successfully opened a shipping route from Kamchatka to the Aleutian Islands, which was especially important for the fur business of **.
Bering's two expedition routes made the Aleutian Islands a paradise for fur traders, with hunters and fur traders coming to target the sea otter skins here. Since these skins were no less than mink, and could be directly given to the neighboring Qing Empire, without having to go through the trouble of transporting them back to Europe, the fur trade in the Aleutian Islands flourished.
However, by the mid-18th century, the Aleutian Islands' sea otter resources were depleted, forcing them to find new places to trade. So, his eyes turned to Alaska in the north.
The news quickly spread back to Petersburg, and the Empress Catherine was also very interested in the development of the Americas. Bypassing the Privy Council, she secretly ordered the Naval Council to organize a secret expedition to the Americas.
The leader of the expedition, Cleney, led an expedition to the Aleutian Islands in 1768, but unfortunately he was unable to reach the American continent. In addition to being interested in the region, Britain in the Atlantic is also eyeing it.
With the funding of the East India Company, Captain Cook came to the Bering Strait, and although his main mission was to find the Northern Passage, this did not mean that the British did not want to meddle in the area.
The arrival of Captain Cook made the ** people nervous, and if they did not speed up and occupy the American continent, then the land could fall into the hands of the British. With the growing tension between Britain and Russia, ** began to support businessmen in founding several private ** companies, but these companies were full of internal contradictions, which gave the British an opportunity.
In order to prevent hegemony in this region from being snatched away by the British, Shelikhov proposed the integration of these American companies, and eventually created the Russian-American company.
Faced with a food crisis and a problem with sea otter fur in Alaska, Russian-American companies decided to go south in search of food and friction with the Spaniards in California.
* People tried to buy food peacefully, but were refused, so they planned an armed invasion. Kuskov, the deputy administrator of the resettlement area, commanded two ships in search of sea otter hunting areas in California, in effect, looking for suitable locations for the establishment of ** resettlement areas.
Although the operation failed, in 1811 Kuskov found a suitable colonial point, named "Roseburg". Despite the criticism of the upper echelons, this settlement still became the first foothold of the ** people in California, and had a military value that could be entered and defended.
The California occupation plan was the ambition of the ** people, who tried to incorporate it into the territory by means of gradual cannibalization. However, the international situation at that time was in their favor.
Latin American independence movements were distracting Spain, while Britain was facing strategic pressure from Napoleon. As a result, ** abandoned the occupation plan for the Columbia River basin and turned to the all-out occupation of California.
However, Tsar Alexander I, taking into account relations with Spain and France, put plans on hold for the time being. In 1812, plans were restarted, which caused a strong opposition in Spain.
Despite the fact that Spain had repeatedly seized the brokers of Russian and American companies in San Francisco, the Russians continued to infiltrate the California region and successfully enlisted the support of local Indian chiefs.
Of course, the ** people are not in a hurry to occupy by force, they know that their American power is still weak. Therefore, they took advantage of the opportunity of the Spanish Revolution to make a proposal to Spain ** to open up to Russia at the expense of supplying a fleet.
As the Spanish Revolution intensified and the country was in turmoil, the ** people took the opportunity to ask for the whole of California in exchange for the fleet. However, the tide of events has changed.
After Mexico broke away from Spanish rule, it began to deal with the ** people with a tough attitude. In particular, after AgustÃn de Iturbide became Emperor of Mexico in 1822, he directly demanded that the ** people in Roseburg leave.
The influx of American businessmen has put to naught efforts in California, and Monroe's opposition has put her under pressure from Mexico and the United States.
However, just as the Mexican Empire was overthrown, and California was divided between Mexicans and Spaniards, they began to woo the Spanish faction and broker up the "Renaissance Society" in an attempt to get California to join.
However, the efforts of the **people were affected after Zavalishin was recalled, and the authorities' interest in California waned. Opposition from Britain and the United States, limited results from Roseburg, and high costs and low returns all made the first people decide to slow down their expansion in California.
After the Monroe Declaration was issued on December 2, 1823, Tsar Nicholas I's mistaken decision-making, the hope of gaining California was slim.
With California's secession from Mexico, the burden of American pressure was further pressed towards Roseburg, and many American farms began to surround the settlement, and eventually, chose to abandon Roseburg.
This marked the end of the history of expansion in the Americas. In 1867, during the reign of Alexander II, the Aleutian Islands were forced to sell the Aleutian Islands and Alaska to the United States at a low price due to international pressure, and since then, the people have retreated to Eurasia.
This event marked the end of nearly 400 years of eastward expansion.