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At the end of 1948, seeing that the victory of our party was imminent, many Kuomintang figures began to seek a way back for themselves.
Some of them chose to surrender to our party, hoping that our party would not punish them after the victory of the revolution, and that it would be better if they could be given a half-official position.
Other Kuomintang ** who were stubborn or had a deep blood feud with our party chose to flee to Taiwan, and among these Kuomintang figures, the chairman was very concerned about Hu Shih and even intended to keep him.
However, Hu Shih's final choice was a disappointment for the chairman.
What choice did Hu Shi make? What is his history with the Chairman?
Hu Shiqi. As an indispensable figure in modern China, Hu Shi has a lot of controversy about him, some people say that he is a rare scholar, and some people call him a "villain".
There have been many exchanges between Hu Shi and the chairman, and the chairman has always respected him, but Hu Shi's choices again and again ruined the friendship between him and the chairman.
The story between Hu Shi and the chairman should be told from the beginning of the last century, Hu Shi was born in a wealthy family in Jiangsu, received traditional education since he was a child, and after entering the school, after being exposed to the articles of Liang Qichao and others, his thinking began to change slowly.
In the process of Hu Shih's study, it can be said that it was smooth sailing, first studying in various colleges and universities, then going to Cornell University in the United States to study literature, and then entering the philosophy department of Columbia University, from the famous American scholar John Dewey.
In that era when the whole society was seeking change, many patriotic young people emerged, and a large number of articles on the disadvantages of the times appeared in newspapers, and Hu Shih, who was studying in the United States, has been paying attention to the changes in the domestic situation.
Chen Duxiu founded New Youth, which propagated science and democracy, launched a literary revolution in China, and criticized China's feudal culture that had lasted for thousands of years.
In 1917, Hu Shi wrote out "Discussion on Literary Reform" and published this famous article on New Youth, which immediately caused an uproar in China, and the name Hu Shi gradually spread in the circle of patriotic youth, and even the *** in his youth noticed this article.
At that time, the president of Peking University was Cai Yuanpei, compared with the previous president to pay attention to traditional culture, Cai Yuanpei emphasized more inclusiveness, while respecting traditional culture, he encouraged Peking University to accept new ideas, inject new vitality into Peking University, and build Peking University into the focus of ideological and academic reform in that era.
Peking University's openness and inclusiveness have attracted many important figures from the New Culture Movement, such as Chen Duxiu and others, who were all invited by Cai Yuanpei to teach at Peking University.
Although Hu Shi was not very old, his title of American doctor was indeed rare in China at that time, and he studied under the famous scholar John Dewey, and he himself wrote insightful articles that were sought after by patriotic young people, which fully met the recruitment requirements of Peking University.
Knowing that he was going to return to China after graduating from his Ph.D., Peking University invited him to come and teach.
At that time, Hu Shike was one of the famous figures of the New Culture Movement, and he was handsome, talented, and had a profound academic background.
It is undeniable that Hu Shi is indeed academically talented, and many of his articles and opinions have a great influence on academics, but judging from his later experience, he is indeed not suitable for politics.
In 1918, because of advocating new culture and other related movements in his hometown in Hunan, he later came to Peking University to study with the help of his mentor Yang Changji and others.
In order to ensure his life in Beijing, the chairman worked as a caretaker in the library of Peking University. This position is not to be looked down upon, but the chairman is willing to accept it.
The library of Peking University has a large collection of books, both ancient and modern, both political and economic, as well as ideological and cultural.
As a well-known figure in Peking University, Hu Shi's course "History of Chinese Philosophy" taught by him was very popular with students, and he had also audited it, and Hu Shi's views made him feel novel.
When the time came, ** specially visited Hu Shi, and that time they had a free talk about the New Culture Movement, and the chairman even bluntly said that he had read Hu Shi's articles many times, and the words such as "there is something to be said" were even more enlightening.
Hu Shi looked at the young man in front of him, and told him a lot of his inner thoughts and ideas, in the eyes of the chairman, Hu Shi is a respectable teacher.
**At that time, he stayed in Beijing with the idea of studying in France for work-study, but in the exchange with the teacher, coupled with his own change of mind, he decided not to go to France for the time being, but to have an in-depth understanding of the current situation in China, after all, it is not necessary to stay abroad to save the country.
After leaving Peking University and returning to Hunan, ** and a group of patriotic young people founded the "Xiangjiang Review", and the establishment of the "Xiangjiang Review" was also based on the "Weekly Review" edited by Hu Shi.
After seeing the "Xiangjiang Review", Hu Shi spoke highly of it, and even bluntly said: "Under the rule of the martial arts, it is really an unexpected surprise that such a good brother as us can be produced." ”
When Hu Shi was immersed in his own "reformism", Li Dazhao had already seen Marxism, and the ideological gap between him and Hu Shi was getting wider and wider, so the two had a fierce debate on "problems and isms".
The two drifted apart.
Regarding Li Dazhao and others' behavior of not choosing to propagate Marxism, Hu Shih's response was to "study more problems and talk less about doctrine."
The "pragmatism" advocated by Hu Shi was very popular with the chairman, and he even established the "Problem Research Society" and drafted the "Constitution of the Problem Research Society" to support Hu Shi with practical actions.
In 1920, ** was preparing to set up a "free research society" in Hunan, and when he told Hu Shih about this idea, he suggested that it be changed to a "self-study university", and * also adopted the suggestion.
For the support given to him by Hu Shi, ** has always been grateful in my heart. However, with the change of the revolution, the thinking of ** is also constantly changing.
He began to realize that Hu Shih's "pragmatism" did not solve China's fundamental problems, but could lead to the trap of bourgeois reformism.
At this time, the ideological light of Marxism gradually illuminated the vision of ***, and he decided to embark on another road to save the country.
In 1921, when China was founded, a group of advanced intellectuals chose Marxism as their belief.
This was in stark contrast to Hu Shih's assertion that China's problems only needed bourgeois reform, not a complete revolution.
In fact, after returning to Hunan, while carrying out ideological and cultural movements in Hunan, he went deep into the workers and peasants in Hunan, had in-depth contact with them, and learned about the living conditions of most Chinese except the student group.
The ideas of the students and professors are indeed advanced and appealing, but it is the whole of China that saves the country, all Chinese, not just a few intellectuals.
Looking at it this way, Hu Shi's "reformist" ideas are obviously not suitable for China's National Day, so Mao *** decided to find another way, and he can always find a successful way to save the country.
On the basis of Marxism and drawing on the experience of the international socialist movement, ** and others began to sit on the revolutionary road in China, and they also established their ultimate beliefs in the revolution.
** and others persevered on the road of revolution, and their strength was also seen by the Kuomintang people, so the first KMT-CCP cooperation kicked off, but the inexperience of the revolution in the early stage of our party, coupled with Chiang Kai-shek's intention to destroy the cooperation between the KMT and the CCP after he came to power, and the revolutionaries of our party were arrested on a large scale**.
After the first cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party broke down, the chairman came to the conclusion that "power comes out of the barrel of a gun", which was completely the idea of armed revolution, but Hu Shih was indeed a clear-cut opponent of the armed revolution.
During the years when our party took up the gun revolution, Hu Shi always advocated the ideas of "democracy" and "freedom", and when Marxism was widely spread in China, Hu Shi also tried to understand these ideas, and for this reason he also investigated the social system of Soviet Russia.
However, he only saw the surface of the armed revolution, but failed to penetrate the core of socialism, and could only draw a conclusion that "Soviet Russia is the first".
Hu Shih openly opposed the armed revolution and insisted on "liberalism" in his heart. These ideas have sparked extensive discussions in society, and have also made his ideological differences with *** and others public.
Hu Shi constantly worked hard for the concepts of "freedom" and "democracy" in his heart, and even openly criticized the shortcomings of Chiang Kai-shek.
During the Anti-Japanese War, Hu Shi and Chiang Kai-shek were very close, and Lao Chiang naturally took a fancy to Hu Shi's identity as a "Dewey student", and he had certain connections and influence in the American academic community.
So Lao Chiang sent Hu Shi to the United States, and used his identity as a scholar to campaign for China in the United States, and in 1938, Hu Shi officially served as ambassador to the United States to seek assistance for China's resistance against Japan.
Hu Shi's identity is special, and he did make contributions to China's anti-Japanese resistance. In fact, for Hu Shi, ** once said that he was a non-revolutionary democrat and could cooperate.
However, ***, who had a friendly attitude towards Hu Shi, didn't expect Hu Shiwei to be so confused later.
During the Anti-Japanese War, Hu Shi has been campaigning for China in the United States and appearing on various international stages. He used his connections and prestige to constantly speak for China in the international community, and while contributing to the anti-Japanese resistance, Hu Shi also gained international fame.
In a few years, in addition to the identity of fighting for China, Hu Shi has also become an internationally renowned scholar, a liberal master, etc., and even an internationally famous Chinese.
As a spiritual symbol, being able to gain Hu Shih's support is also equivalent to showing his face in the international community, and Hu Shi has naturally become the object of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party.
Hu Shi's choice.
In 1945, China went to San Francisco to see the United Nations Constituent Assembly, the delegation was composed of important members of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, Dong Biwu met Hu Shi in San Francisco, and conveyed his condolences, hoping to win Hu Shi's support.
However, Hu Shih suggested that we abandon the use of force and establish a second party that does not rely on force in the future, so that the problem can be easily solved.
Armed struggle is something we cannot give up under any circumstances, and this is the lesson we have learned based on the first KMT-CCP cooperation, and once we give up the use of force, we will inevitably become meat on the chopping block again.
Chiang Kai-shek was not a generous man, and judging from his previous style, he would resolutely not tolerate the continued existence of our party, and if he gave up force, our party would suffer a devastating blow.
Although the conversation between the two failed to reach an agreement, we did not lose hope in Hu Shih, and in July 1945, Chiang Kai-shek sent Fu Sinian and others to Yan'an to discuss matters.
**I hope Fu Sinian can bring greetings to Hu Shi and say bluntly: "I still miss Mr., and I hope that Mr. can continue to support us."
Fu Sinian is a student of Hu Shi and a classmate of Peking University, and the relationship between the two is very close. Fu Sinian conveyed ***'s greetings, but Hu Shi did not stand in the camp of our party, but continued to persuade *** with his own laws
Just a few months later, Hu Shi was appointed by Chiang Kai-shek to take the position of president of Peking University, and he openly stood with Chiang Kai-shek, and Hu Shi, who once insisted on his own ideas, also became Chiang Kai-shek's **.
Seeing that the general trend of the Kuomintang has gone and the victory of the People's Liberation Army is in sight, even at this juncture, the chairman still has hope for Hu Shih, and even made a decision that as long as Hu Shi does not leave, he can become the director of the Beijing Library.
Being able to make this promise, the chairman also saw that Hu Shi was not suitable for politics, and if he was not bad in terms of research and knowledge, this was already the biggest concession we made to Hu Shi.
It's a pity that he still insisted on going his own way, and even when he saw the defeat of the national army, he had to go to the United States to wave the flag and shout for the Kuomintang.
The chairman has always respected Hu Shi, and although the two have taken different paths, they have never publicly denied Hu Shi for him, and he also hopes that this former teacher can stay.
But whether it was just after the end of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression or the end of the War of Liberation, Hu Shi always made a decision that made him feel cold, and even after the old Chiang Kai-shek fled to Taiwan with his people, he still insisted on standing on Chiang Kai-shek's side, leaving no mercy for our party, and turned around and threw himself into the Kuomintang camp.
After the end of the Liberation War, Hu Shi was still working for the Kuomintang in the United States, and during this period, the chairman also found someone to entrust Hu Shi's friends Chen Yuan and Cao Juren to persuade Hu Shi to go to the mainland to see, but unfortunately Hu Shi refused.
Hu Shi's choice made *** deeply disappointed, and the friendship between the two broke down.
However, despite Hu Shih's contradictory choice, we cannot deny the impact of his academic contributions on China's modernization process.
His critical spirit, independent thinking, and pursuit of democracy and freedom have played a positive role in promoting China's modernization process.
The development of history has proved that China's choice is correct, and under the leadership of China, China has embarked on the road of Marxism and won great victories in revolution and construction.
And Hu Shi's choice, although it is different from ***, but one yard is one yard, and his academic contributions and spiritual qualities are also worthy of our respect and nostalgia.
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