3.1.2 Emperor Yao's Confucian spirit and statecraft
Yao, the leader of the Fangguo Alliance in ancient China, one of the "Five Emperors". "Shangshu Yaodian" praises Yao: respectful, wise, elegant, scheming, but also gentle, respectful, and humble. First of all, he convinced and closely united all the tribes with his own talents and virtues, so as to achieve "harmony among the nine tribes";Then he inspected the achievements of hundreds of officials, distinguished the superior and the inferior, rewarded the good and punished the evil, and made the government affairs orderlyAnd then unite other states and ethnic groups, so that the people of the world live in harmony - "harmony with all nations, Li people in the changing times", the world is peaceful, the politics is clear, and the world is peaceful.
In the pre-Qin period, the two schools of Confucianism and Mo were known as "Xianxue", and both of them respected Yao Shun. Confucius praised Yao: "Dazai Yao is the king!."Towering!Only the sky is great, and only Yao is the same. Swinging!The people are incompetent. Towering is its success, and it has articles!As Confucianism became more important in Chinese cultural traditions, Yao's virtues became more and more deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. In the Tang Dynasty, Han Yu and the Song and Ming dynasties advocated the theory of "Taoism", and Yao became the ancestor of the most in line with the Confucian spirit.
In the book "Liutao", which is the culmination of pre-Qin military thought, Jiang Taigong summarized Di Yao's way of governing the country: first, strict self-discipline and not luxury;The second is to be good at employing people, rewarding the good and punishing the bad;The third is to be fair and honest, and not to reward and punish because of their own likes and dislikes.
King Wen of Zhou asked Jiang Taigong and said, "The world is chaotic, sometimes stable, sometimes chaotic, what is the reason for this?"Is it natural that the change of destiny will be like this?Taigong said: "If the monarch is not virtuous, the country will perish and the people will be in turmoil;If the monarch is virtuous, the country will be stable and the world will be governed. The blessings and woes of the country lie in the merits of the monarch, not in the mandate of heaven. King Wen said, "Can you tell me about the deeds of the virtuous kings in ancient times?"Taigong said: "In the past, Emperor Yao, people in ancient times called him a virtuous monarch. When Emperor Yao ruled the world, he did not wear gold, silver, pearls and jade, nor did he wear splendid and gorgeous clothes;Don't look at precious and strange objects, don't treasure treasures for enjoyment;Do not listen to obscenity, do not build tall walls and palaces;Do not mow thatched roofs;If the clothes and shoes are not worn, they will not be replaced;Do not eat many delicacies, and do not delay the people's agricultural time for cultivation because of service and labor;Remove selfishness, restrain desires, and devote yourself to the rule of inaction. Emperor Yao's own daily life was very meager, and the levy of labor and taxes was very small, so that all the people in the world were rich and happy without hunger and cold. The people revere their monarch as the sun and the moon, and look upon their monarch as a parent. King Wen said, "Great!."This is the virtue of a virtuous king. ”
3.1.3 Shun's performance Xianxi management
"Xian" is the meaning of capital and whole, "Xi" is the meaning of revitalization and rise, and "Shu Ji Xianxi" is the meaning of the country's prosperity (from "Yun Li Baigong, Shu Ji Xianxi" - Shangshu Yaodian).
Shun's political achievements, especially his management skills, are very outstanding: such as the division of administrative regions, the country is divided into 12 states;Establishment of measurement standards for weights and measures;Formulating the rules of etiquette and the management system within the tribal alliance;Select and appoint talents, and clarify the scope of their responsibilities, mission objectives, and code of conduct when assigning themWait a minute. "Shun has five ministers and governs the world", which shows his ability to obtain merit and the clarity of the division of labor, authorization and management range of management.
Shun appointed ** to be in charge of the work of land, agriculture, handicrafts, animal husbandry, justice, education, culture, sacrifice, and etiquette. Shun Mingyu served as the "Sikong", managing water and soil;He was given up as the "Houji" and was in charge of agricultureThe fate deed served as "Situ" and carried out indoctrination;Gaotao was ordered to serve as a "scholar" and be in charge of criminal law;He was appointed as a "co-worker" and was in charge of hundreds of workersMingyi served as "Yu" and was in charge of the mountains and forests;Ordered Boyi to serve as the "rank sect" and preside over the ceremonies;Ordered Kui to serve as a "music officer", in charge of ** and education;The dragon served as the "Nayan", responsible for issuing orders and collecting opinions. It also stipulates that political performance will be reviewed once every three years, and the results of the three inspections will decide whether to promote or recall. Through such rectification, "Xianxi" has achieved great success, and a new look has emerged in all aspects of work. These people have made brilliant achievements, and Yu's achievements are the greatest, he is dedicated to controlling floods, as an example, digging mountains and rivers, and finally flooding. Shun also followed Yao's example in his later years, not passing the imperial throne to his son, but Chan to Yu.
3.1.4 Yu's way of dredging
Yu, also known as Dayu, Xia Yu, and Emperor Yu, is said to be the leader of the Xia Hou tribe, the first monarch of the Xia Dynasty, and the founder of Chinese slavery. Yu was succeeded to the throne by Shun's Chan and reigned for 8 years.
About 4,000 years ago, when the Yellow River basin in China was plagued by floods, Yao Mingkun was responsible for leading and organizing the water control work. Kun adopted the strategy of "water to earth block", failed to control the water, and then his only son Yu presided over the task of water control. After Yu accepted the task, he first took rulers, ropes and other measuring tools to make a rigorous investigation of the country's major mountains and rivers. He found that the Longmen Pass was too narrow to pass through the flood seasonHe also found that the Yellow River was silted up and the flow of water was not smooth. So he instituted a policy that opposed his father's "blocking" called "dredging", which was to dredge the river and widen the mouth of the gorge so that the flood water could pass through more quickly. Yu adopted the principle of "water control must be water-oriented, water-based will go down and lead it into the sea." The high place will be chiseled, and the low place will be channeled". According to the priorities, Yu set a order of governance, starting with the area near the capital and then expanding to other places. It is said that Yu went to Tushan Country, where his home was located, but he passed through the house three times, and he was too busy to enter the house to see. His wife went to see him at the construction site and he sent him back. Dayu controlled the water for 13 years, exhausted his hard work and physical strength, and finally completed this great cause that went down in history.
Yu uses the method of water control to govern the country, follows the guidance rather than occlusion, and lets the people do their best, and the people get their place. Because of its remarkable political achievements, it is supported by the people. In order to facilitate water control, Dayu also divided the entire region into nine large states, namely Hebei, Yan, Qing, Xu, Yang, Jing, Henan, Liang, and Yongzhou. After Yu's death, he ceased to make concessions and passed the throne to his son Qi, who founded the Xia dynasty (c. 2070 BC – 1600 BC).
Dayu's water control is combined with the governance of the country and the people, not only the control of floods has achieved great success, but also agricultural production has made progress. While controlling the flood damage, Dayu also guided people to restore and develop agricultural production, greatly develop water transportation, and rebuild their homes. Every time we govern a locality, we take the initiative to unite the local clans and tribes to improve the building of political power so that the people can live and work in peace and contentment. According to historical records, after the flood receded, a piece of plain exposed to the water, Dayu led people to build ditches in the fields, divert water for irrigation, plant millet, millet, beans, hemp and other crops, and also let people plant rice in low-lying places.
Xia Yu put an end to the social organization of tribal alliances in China's primitive society and created a new social and political form of "state". Xia Yu completed the establishment of the state, replacing the primitive society with classes and the barbaric society with a civilized society.
This article is excerpted from Mr. Duan Junping's classic work on Chinese management, "From Excellence to Moderation - Chinese Management Wisdom".
Duan Junping: A well-known expert in Chinese culture, a famous calligrapher, and a well-known management scholar. Master of Business Administration, Chinese University of Hong Kong;Doctor of Business Administration, City University of Hong Kong;Visiting Scholar of Peking University;Member of the ** Cultural Committee of the China Democratic National Construction Association;He has been employed by many universities at home and abroad as a professor of Chinese Studies, calligraphy and management. Director of Beijing Calligraphers Association, Vice Chairman of Beijing Dongcheng Calligraphers Association, Vice President of Beijing Poetry Society, President of Jinglu Academy, Chief Expert and Founder of Aiweilong Media Management Consulting Group.