Terraced landscape of Azheke Village, Honghe, Yunnan. Photo by reporter Zhang Lei Guangming**.
These cultural relics are what they are today.84]
Men plough the fields*** Plough the fields can not survive October. If you plough the field after October, plough down and continue to wild the roots of the aunt, and plough the undead water chestnut roots upward, no matter how much you plow the field, it is not worth ......On a winter afternoon, by the fire pond of a traditional house in Azheke Village, Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan Province, Ma Jianchang, the representative inheritor of the national intangible cultural heritage "Hani Haba" (Hani language, meaning Hani ancient songs), hummed and sang "Hani Four Seasons Production Tune".
Ploughing is one of the basic contents of an agrarian society. But the "plough field" in this song has a special meaning - the plough is "Hani Terraces". This kind of terraced rice field, after more than 1,300 years, is still vigorous and vigorous.
The Hani are a branch of the ancient Qiang people, who migrated from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to the banks of the Dadu River during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. In the Sui and Tang dynasties, some Hani ancestors moved to Ailao Mountain and Liuzhao Mountain to settle down. Because they live in mountainous areas with high mountains and deep valleys, they choose to cultivate terraced fields on the slopes. More than 1,000 years of raking, generations of crop cultivation, the Hani terraces, which originally existed for survival, have evolved into a magnificent scenery.
From November to April of the following year, it is the wet season of the Hani Terraces, and it is also the best time to see it. At this time, the terraced fields have clear lines and sparkling lines, and between the lofty mountains and mountains, everywhere is the sky and cloud shadows that it refracts. In particular, the morning light is slightly dewed, and the terraced rice fields above the clouds are covered with golden glow, together with the verdant forests, quaint villages and meandering rivers, outlining a beautiful picture of harmonious coexistence between man and nature.
Above every Hani village built on the mountain, there must be a dense forest, which is the water conservation land of the Hani people; Below the village, there are layers of terraced fields, which provide food for the Hani people to survive and develop. Zhang Hongzhen, director of the Hani Terraced Conservation and Development Research Center of Yunnan Honghe University, said that from top to bottom, such a harmonious arrangement of spaces has one of the most important connecting links - rivers and ditches all over the mountains.
Hani Terraces is the crystallization of the wisdom of Hani people! The forests on the top of the mountain are divided into four categories according to their use: primeval water source forests, village forests, public forests and village forests. primary water source forests, which conserve water for agricultural irrigation and domestic use; public forests and village forests, which are used to repair houses and make fires for cooking; The forest has become part of the Hani culture – every spring, people pray for abundance on the tree that flourishes in the village. Water is the lifeblood of the terraces. It comes from the high mountains, flows down the gully, irrigates from top to bottom along the terraces, and when the upper reaches are full, it flows into the next layer until it joins the river valley. Under the scorching sun, the water in the river rises to the sky above Ailao Mountain, condenses and returns to the alpine forest, and so on and so ......on
Next to a ditch outside Yakou Village in Yuanyang County, the reporter saw that Li Jinliang, a Hani man, was leaning down and measuring the size of the horizontal wooden groove at the water division with his five fingers together - the water flow is 4 centimeters wide, which means that about 30 acres of paddy fields can be irrigated. This is the unique woodcut water division method of the Hani people, the horizontal wood with grooves is a "ruler", the Hani people use it to measure and divide the water, the reverence for nature, and the cherishing of water resources are all in this "ruler".
In order to maintain the normal use of the water separator and keep the ditch unblocked, the Hani people set up the position of "ditch chief", and they called "ditch drivers". Li Jinliang is the "ditch chief" of Yakou Village, he has to carry a hoe to inspect the ditch from time to time, and dredge it in time if it is blocked, so that the water in the ditch can flow into the terraces without interruption.
Hani terraces have not dried up for thousands of years, and they will not collapse even in the year of great drought, what is the trick behind it?
First of all, the location of the terraces should be good. When looking for land and opening fields, the Hani people will look for fertile slopes that are gentle towards the sun; After the terrace is opened, the dry land is planted for three years, and when the soil is ripe, the ridge is released and the water is released, and it becomes a terraced field. Then, there are "three plows and three rakes".
A plough and a harrow, generally from September to October, plow the stubble field immediately after harvesting the rice, then build a ridge, fill the field with water and then rake it roughly, let the stubble and weeds soak in the field water for half a year to rot naturally, and enhance soil fertility; Two ploughs and two harrows, after the second lunar month, the purpose is to loosen the soil and repair the leakage of the ridges; Three ploughs and three harrows, in the seedling planting season from late March to April of the lunar calendar, the pine flat soil is good for planting seedlings. Huang Shaowen, director of the National Cultural Heritage Research Center of Honghe University, told reporters.
More than 1,000 years of wisdom have made Hani Terraces a well-deserved "poetry of the earth"! In 2013, this "poetry line" entered the eyes of the world: the cultural landscape of Honghe Hani Terraces was selected into the list of world cultural heritage, and the ecosystem model of "four elements isomorphic" of forests, villages, terraces and water systems was recognized by the world!
In a blink of an eye, it has been 10 years since the application was successfully inscribed. This "poetry of the earth" has added a new chapter - the quaint natural ecological concept has been "blessed" by modern agricultural production methods, and the Hani terraces have become a veritable "cornucopia".
The Hani people have always had a tradition of raising fish and ducks in the rice fields - when planting rice, they sprinkle fish fry in the field, and when the fish is a little bigger, they put in ducklings. In this way, the insects and weeds in the field are used as good food for fish and ducks, and the manure of fish and ducks has also become organic fertilizer for rice. The introduction of the modern agricultural production mode of "company + cooperative + base + farmer" has made the "comprehensive planting and breeding of rice, fish and ducks" more scientific, and its effect is: "one water for multiple purposes, one field for more income, one household for multiple industries", which has abundant fields and farmers' pockets.
From "selling products" to "selling scenery", cultural tourism, which is hot all year round, has brought earth-shaking changes to the rural industry.
In the past, he relied on terraces to fill his belly and sell rations for oil and salt; Now there are a lot of tourists from all over the world, selling specialties, burning the scenery, and the terraced fields have changed greatly! In front of the "mushroom house" near the entrance of Azheke Village, Zhang Ping, a Hani girl, told reporters. In these "mushroom rooms", cafes, restaurants, and guest rooms are all available, and it is the first homestay to open here, and after several years of development, it is now more prosperous. Like Zhang Ping, the villagers all know that if they get rich by terraces, they have to feed back the terraces: "If you don't protect the terraces well, you will smash your own job, which Hanbao will do this!" According to statistics, in Yuanyang County alone, the terraced fields receive more than 3 million tourists every year, with an income of nearly 5 billion yuan.
From "shoulder-to-shoulder" to "webcast", there is also a mellow cultural connotation that "walks" out of the mountains with beautiful scenery and rich products.
What we 'sell' is not only the beautiful scenery and characteristic good things of the terraced fields on the clouds, but also the customs, life concepts and ways of thinking that are integrated with nature! In front of the Duoyishu Village Folk Museum in Yuanyang County, during the live broadcast, Ding Jinan, a Hani girl wearing traditional clothes, told reporters with a smile.
Walking through the picturesque terraced fields, the reporter deeply felt the unique charm of the Hani terraces: here, life is continued because of the terraces, and culture is inherited because of the terraces. The ridges are its muscles and bones; The mud soaked in spring water is its flesh and blood; The rice swaying in the breeze is its long hair; Ancient songs are the ...... of its soul
Reporter Zhang Lei Daniel Zhang).