The Sino Indian War in 1962 plagued Chairman Mao for ten days and ten nights, and he didn t figure o

On October 8, 1962, the Indian army openly crossed the Kejlang River, and two days later attacked a number of border posts of our army, causing a total of 47 casualties among our border guards around the 20th.

FigJawaharlal Nehru, the founding prime minister of India.

Our border guards always keep in mind what was promulgated."Five Principles of Peaceful CoexistenceFrom the beginning of being stationed in the border zone, it has never taken the initiative to provoke the Indian side. However, the Indian side's provocations have never stopped, and when they have not touched China's bottom line, they have gritted their teeth and endured the past, so as not to cause trouble to the motherland.

However, this time the Indian side did not come well, and seeing that the Indian side had already crossed our border by force, our border guards could only passively respond to the battle and launch a forceful counterattack to protect the safety of the border defense.

Later, because of the gradual expansion of the Indian ambitions, the situation eventually turned into a situationSino-Indian War。This war has been planned by the Indian side for a long time, while our side is very passive, and we are almost forced to fight this war without much suspense.

FigIndian Army Mi-4*** during the 1962 war

I can't help but have a question in my heart:At that time, what kind of confidence did the Indian high-level leaders led by Nehru have to provoke China, thinking that they could completely drive back the Chinese troops stationed in the border from China's territory?

Before the Age of Discovery, because of the meandering Himalayas, there were no disputes between China and India, and there were often cultural exchangesThe Buddhist culture from India has had a considerable impact on our country

However, in modern times, China and India are a pair of difficult brothers, China has been bullied by foreign powers since the end of the Qing Dynasty, and India has also been colonized by Britain.

FigSchematic diagram of the Sino-Indian border issue.

The border between China and India is separated by the vast Himalayas, and the two sides have slowly formed a border across the east and west for geographical, religious, historical, political and other reasonsThe customary boundary line between China and India

The eastern section is bounded by the southern foothills of the Himalayas, the middle section is bounded by the Himalayas, and the western section is bounded along the Karakoram Mountains.

FigIn 1955, the Prime Minister attended the Bandung Conference and spoke with Nehru.

** It has been clearly stated:"Britain attempted to erase the long-standing traditional customary line between China and India, and to achieve its imperialist aggressive goal by dividing China's territory and expanding the territory of British India

At that time, the British side toMcMahonThe colonialists led by them still had a thief's heart not to die, so they signed an article with the representatives of the local Kashag ** in private, behind China's back."McMahon LineIn order to help *** get out of China's control and eventually deceive China of more than 90,000 square kilometers of territory.

In 1947, the British colonialists withdrew from India, and India gained independence, even asking the Chinese side to agree at that timeIn the absence of the recognition of the old Chinese regime, the border demarcation proposed by the British and Indian countries at that time was recognized。Subsequently, he used force to seek territory that did not belong to India in the first place.

FigSchematic diagram of the McMahon line and the traditional customary line.

Similarly, Britain has previously drawn the so-called "Johnson LineIn order to seize the interests belonging to China, India later insisted on the British side's original demarcation of the Western Front.

After the founding of New China, the remnants of the Kuomintang were still rampant, always thinking about the mainland; The wolf ambitions, led by the American empire, are even more active in the Far East from time to time; The Soviet Union, as the "big brother" of New China, gave China a cold shot from time to time. And the most important thing,China has recovered its economy and people's livelihood at the fastest speed

In the face of India's repeated provocations, China has been motivated by ".Five Principles of Peaceful CoexistenceMost of the time, they are in a state of retreat, trying to solve the border issue through negotiations, which slowly breeds the ambition of the Indian authorities, believing that China is weak and can be bullied.

FigThe content of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.

From 1950 to 1958, the border between China and India was largely calm. This is because:In the Korean War, the absolute victory of our People's Volunteers reminded the Indian authorities that China is absolutely not weak and can be bullied

It was not until March 1959 that some of the problems were completely solved, and our decision-making was able to be implemented unconditionally, which made India panic for a while. Because of the continuous problems of the Chinese side before, ** has become a buffer zone between India and China under the conspiracy of various forces. Now that this buffer zone is gone, it is necessary to fight for interests as soon as possible, and once China grows up, India will have even less land to turn around.

In this way, from 1959 onwards, India no longer had a simple provocation, as in the past, but sent a small force to cross what had already been retreated by ChinaMcMahon Line, directly invaded our border, and used force to ** our border guards, but was repelled many times by our border garrison.

FigIndian Army Units.

The two major incidents of Langjiu and Kongkazan were taken by India to set off another wave of anti-China in the international community, and it also received economic and military support from certain quarters, cooperating with certain forces led by the United States to slander China on the issue of China.

From 1961 to September 1962, India established 43 invasion bases on the Chinese territory on the western border of China and India through continuous small-scale invasions, most of which were located around border postsAt that time, the Indian side occupied as much as 4,000 square kilometers of China's territory on the Western Front(The data ** is the 1991 Qinghai People's Publishing House's "Battle on the Roof of the World - Documentary of the Counterattack against India").

In this way, step by step, India became more and more crazy, constantly sending more troops to the border and fighting against the Chinese border guardsIndian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru even made a big fuss about recovering China's territory and returning it to India

FigIndian Tempest fighter jets patrolling the foothills of the Himalayas during the Sino-Indian War.

When the news reached Beijing, the leaders at the time did not know what to say for a while, and they had no idea how Nehru's brain circuits were at the moment. After all, there was a ** gap at the beginning, and it was still difficult to fight India, but now that the United States and the Soviet Union are in the Cold War, China's situation is stable, and it is not a problem to fight such a clown as India?

I think that the Indian authorities, led by Nehru, broke away from the British colonization on the surface, but in their bones they were still accustomed to being controlled, and what Britain left behind, whether good or bad, they accepted it unconditionally, and thus fell into self-deception step by step.

Under the leadership of ***, China is moving step by step towards the rise of a great power.

FigPondering *** in front of the map

The perspective of looking at problems has always been to proceed from the overall situation, while taking into account the local aspects。The opponents he often has to face are Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt, and other giants who will tremble three times when he sneezes the world.

But when I met a guy like Nehru who was still at the foot of the mountain, he only thought about the immediate interests for more than ten years, and lived in self-fantasy all day long, and he couldn't figure it out. Isn't that the famous saying: ".I thought about it for ten days and ten nights, and I couldn't figure out why Nehru wanted to mess with us

** Saying that ten days and ten nights can't figure out Nehru's purpose is not really incomprehensible, but I can't believe itAs the Prime Minister of India, Nehru, how could the concept of the big picture be so bad

FigNehru.

The world pattern after World War II is changing with each passing day, which country's leader is not the best of the best, the politician of the politician, every time he makes a move, there must be countless pioneers, and that is a game that makes you gnash your teeth at the same time, and you have to give a thumbs up.

But what about Nehru today? This is not an "unreasonable move", it is simply a "stinky move". It's just that *** can't believe that there is such a "simple" guy among today's opponents. When the Military Commission was at a meeting, ** was not sure from the bottom of my heart, and asked everyone:"He, Nehru, really wants to go to war, India really wants to go to war, right?

Nehru was the first and only one who could get such high "praise". Of course, this praise has to be put in quotation marks, and the so-called ten days and ten nights is an exaggerated statement, just like Li Bai's flying stream straight down to 3,000 feet, just to make it more vivid.

FigNehru spoke.

At this point, I can't help but wonder why, why did Nehru, out of his desire to consolidate small interests, make my leaders so incomprehensible? He even openly joked that Nehru was "operated by God"!

In the 70s of the 20th century, the United States and the Soviet Union launched an arms race at the same time as the Cold War, Germany and Japan and other defeated countries in World War II began to desperately develop their economies, while European countries had their own pursuitsThe whole world is in a state of morbid calm on a large scale

At this time, China and India did not join any camp of the United States and the Soviet Union, and belonged to the third-party forces, which were generally relatively weak at that time, and only when everyone united could they resist the hegemonic forces with the United States and the Soviet Union as the main body.

On the contrary, if you fight with each other, those shameless guys who are looking for underground mouths all day long will definitely come to eat a piece of fat from you, and they will call it "".For the sake of the stability and stability of the world, and for the early restoration of peace in your country

FigC-119 transport aircraft during the Sino-Indian War.

This is clearly the way forward, just as the Indian people were enslaved by the British earlier, and what the Indian people need is to unite and drive the British out of India at the right time. Instead of being enslaved and complacent, they turn to bullying the bullied more seriously.

Nehru should have more brains than ordinary Indians, the Indian people did not do anything that was quick for their relatives and enemies, but their prime minister Nehru did this, and he did it thoroughly.

Previously, the relations between China and India were still very good on the surface, and on the whole they were benign.

Fig**Speaking at the Bandung Conference.

It was first proposed at an international conference".Five Principles of Peaceful CoexistenceIt was Nehru who was the first to vote in favor. the same, India's".Non-Aligned MovementChina also expressed its active support. Both sides have been deeply invaded by imperialist colonialism, and they should stand on the united front and prevent imperialist ambitions from falling on their heads again.

As the Indian side publicly stated "Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence"It's a mutual consensus, and we both intend to further establish a deeper friendship with India, but Nehru suddenly came up with such a face, isn't this the way of thinking of a qualified politician? It's not even a normal person's mind.

This is a matter of looking at the problem from the perspective of the Chinese side, and it is necessary to base it on a true and detailed understanding of all aspects of China's situation. However, if you are on the Indian side, it seems that Nehru had only this choice at that time.

FigDuring the Bandung Conference, (from left)** had a cordial conversation with the interpreters, Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Myanmar Prime Minister U Nu.

Nehru may not have a clear understanding of China, he felt that China was founded later than India's independence, both countries are fertile, and India's losses in World War II are relatively small compared to China, although India was colonized by the British, but inherited the advanced experience and technology left by the British.

On the contrary, China has experienced more than 20 years of war, it has long been full of holes, a few days after the founding of the country, and went to North Korea and the United States to resist, and finally won the battle for the founding of the country, but the country has long been overwhelmed, and the Kuomintang is still thinking about ** from time to time.

Nehru felt that India was only seizing a distant disputed territory from China, and China should not go on an expedition, after all, the situation in India and Chinese mainland is different from the situation in North Korea and China. Even if China does send troops, the Indian army is sure to win the battle.

FigIndian artillery.

Secondly, the current international atmosphere is like this: the Soviet Union deployed missiles in Cuba in order to counter the United States, the United States and the Soviet Union are in a highly sensitive period, and the air in the Caribbean is full of tension. China was at odds with the Soviet Union for some things, and China was almost isolated internationally.

India, on the contrary, has been developing benignly since India's independence, and its national strength has steadily improved, while Nehru believes that he is a statesman who stands at the forefront of the international arena and can influence the international situationThe third largest country in the world

Of course, there is a deeper level: India did not wake up spontaneously compared to China.

FigNehru and Gandhi.

You must know that when China was colonized by foreign powers, it gradually achieved democracy and freedom through its own armed forces through spontaneous awakening, launched a series of revolutionary events, and gradually achieved democracy and freedom through its own armed forces; India, which was also colonized by foreign powers, although there was also a revolution and a certain awakening, was always easily dissolved by Britain in the name of religion and by armed means.

India has been colonized by Britain for a long time, and British imperialist ideology has long been unconsciously deeply rooted in the bones of the Indian people, they only believe that the strong are kings, and they use force to obtain benefits, which is justified. Since the British withdrew from India, India has forcibly annexed several independent regimes in South Asia by force, which, like India, were at the same time being bullied by British colonialism.

And nowWhen Britain withdrew, India spontaneously assumed the role of BritainBut the Indian authorities do not consider this to be an invasion of other countries and a destruction of world peace, but do they know that India is already quietly embarking on an insulated imperialist road?

FigIn 1952, Vinoba Bh**e, an Indian religious activist, was with local farmers.

Not only that, but when Britain left India, they also supported PakistanLeaving India with an eternal adversary

Pakistanis mostly believe in Muslims, while Indians believe in Hinduism and Buddhism, and it is not terrible to have different beliefs, but India and Pakistan are like this.

In the past, Britain was the supreme ruler of this land, and after suppression and mediation, they did not disturb each other. However, before the British left, they deliberately triggered a conflict and separated Pakistan from India.

FigThe present-day India-Pakistan border.

There's another question hereWhy is it that China can achieve independence while achieving equality and democracy, while India cannot?

China and India are both the four major ancient civilizations, both have a long history and culture, so that the descendants of the two countries are often proud, but there is no fault line in Chinese culture after all, but India is not like this.

This is determined by the differences in the historical development of the two countries. Since Qin Shihuang unified China, China has established a unified script and weights and measures, and then has continuously strengthened the centralization of power, no matter what kind of chaos, the Chinese believe that "China is one family, the same root and the same origin".

Coupled with the Xinhai Revolution and the New Culturalist Revolution, China almost completely wiped out those bad things; India is a loose alliance based on the caste system after the Aryans conquered the indigenous people of the Indian peninsula.

Although the caste system was abolished in India after the withdrawal of British imperialism, the innate superiority and inferiority could not be eliminated without the baptism of revolution after revolution.

FigIndian caste system.

Although the Indian leadership led by Jawaharlal Nehru supports China's Five Principles of Peaceful Diplomacy, in the bottom of his heart, he still divides all countries and races into three, six, nine and so on, and most of them cannot abandon themCaste systemThis is an important reason for their unremitting efforts to restore the territories of the British colonial period.

There is a saying that is very classic:India is a typical example of "not having the life of imperialism, but suffering from the disease of imperialism".

India's reckless price is naturally inevitably cleaned up, and the ** team in this war vividly interprets what it means."Destroying

FigIndian troops went to the front.

On October 17, 1962, the Military Commission of our country officially issued an order to the two major military regions of Xinjiang and Xinjiang to prepare to annihilate the invading Indian army at any time. The next day, at the Zhongnanhai Conference, the tone of this war was setOut of self-defence, our country carried out an armed counterattack against the Indian army

I have to say that the Chinese leaders at that time were eager to compare in every detail, and China was stronger than India at that time, although the Chinese side knew in their hearts that they did not say it, and the Indian side did not know in their hearts that they did not agree with it.

However, calling it a self-defense counterattack seems to many people to be a bit cowardly. In fact, this also contains the wisdom of the leader, so that the Indian side can achieve the result of underestimating the enemy, and put itself in a humble posture in the international community, indicating that our country is not taking the initiative to start a war, but only passive self-defense.

FigHigh-level Indian military officials inspect the front line.

On the first day of the battle, the squadron wiped out India's most elite 7th Brigade, and for a time India was in an uproar, and after slightly expanding the results of the battle, it temporarily ceased fighting. Out of adherence to the "Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence".He repeatedly sent letters to Nehru asking him to accept China's three proposals for peace and reciprocity, the two countries each withdrew 20 kilometers, disengaged, and then resolved the issue through negotiations.

However, the Indian authorities, headed by Nehru, were not willing to lose their vested interests in this way, and while dealing with China, they also asked the United States, the Soviet Union, and Britain for military and political assistance in order to break China's "fake peace declaration".

India provoked a war again, and our army could only passively meet it, and India did not win any major assistance from other countries at that time, so there was no suspense in the war, and China naturally won.

FigMeeting of senior generals of the Indian Army.

According to later statistics, 772 officers and soldiers were sacrificed and 697 were wounded (the data is the 1997 China Encyclopedia Publishing House, "Encyclopedia of Chinese Affairs: The War History of the People's Liberation Army"). The number of India's first people is 4,885, and there are 3,968 Indian officers and soldiers who were captured, and they were all released by our country in a friendly manner, which ushered in a lot of applause for our country in the international community. Our army suffered a great defeat of the Indian army with a battle loss of 1 to 5, leaving an indelible nightmare for the Indian authorities

In this war, our soldiers are the enemy's nightmare, the enemy army will be defeated in every battle, as the old saying goes, "the poor do not chase", but the Indian army has been so arrogant in the past ten years, and the troops in India have long been holding back the fire in their stomachs, and now it is time to vent it. However, the mission of military personnel is obedience, and for the sake of China's higher status in the world, our officers and men still chose restraint.

FigIn November 1962, in accordance with the instructions of **, the local border guards wiped down a large number of Indian troops captured in the self-defense counterattack and prepared to return them to the Indian side.

Some people say,The war of self-defense and counterattack against India has broken India's national fortunes for at least 30 years。I don't think it's an exaggeration to say that India's self-confidence, which has been built up for more than a decade after independence, has been shattered by our country in just two months. As far as India is concerned, the most important leader, Jawaharlal Nehru, because of the defeat of this war so completely, has no source of the burning flame in his heart, and died more than a year after the end of the Sino-Indian war.

You must know that India, which was passively independent from the hands of Britain, gradually developed step by step with Nehru as the main leader. Throughout his life, Nehru pursued two important reforms for India's prosperity: industrialization and secularization

FigPLA soldiers on the Sino-Indian border.

India's predicament in development is mainly reflected in three aspects: the caste system, religious issues, and local power

Today, after the analysis of countless experts in modern history, we can clearly perceive the specific situation and propose relevant solutions. However, in India at that time, there were very few Indians who could see these problems and gradually improve and solve them. Therefore, it can be said that Nehru was a pioneer in the hearts of the Indian people

The scale of this Sino-Indian war was not large, but it was a big challenge for our country at that time. The industrial and agricultural bases in the ** areas that have just stabilized are relatively weak, and the logistics of our army are all transported from the interior to the Sino-Indian border line over long distances. It's just that I, the sons and daughters of China, have always risen to the challenge, and in the end I have not let the officers and soldiers on the front line have any worries.

FigPLA soldiers rushing to the front line.

At the same time, this is also a particularly big opportunity, after all, as a victorious country, we must have a lot of gains, not to mention the capture on the battlefield, which was finally returned to India, and for more than ten years after that, there was no major friction on the Sino-Indian border.

More importantly, China's influence in South Asia was brought about by this battle

Pakistan won the war because of China, and since then it has become an iron buddy with China.

The result of the 1962 self-defense counterattack was an unintentional result: we beat India with one hand on the side, and there was a "little fan brother" hiding in the shadows and watching with starry eyes.

FigChina-Pakistan border.

Since then, Pakistan has firmly stood on our side and has advanced and retreated with our country.

In 1962,The two countries reached an agreement in principle on the China-Pakistan border through negotiations

The following year, basically all border issues were resolved; In 1964, at the invitation of Pakistan, the visit was successful.

In the same year, Pakistan** visited China; Since 1965, Pakistan has explicitly supported the restoration of China's rights and interests ...... at several UN General Assembly meetingsIn this way, China and Pakistan began a half-century-long friendly exchange and established an unbreakable friendship that will last forever.

FigIn December 1956, during a visit to Pakistan, he visited a textile mill accompanied by Prime Minister Surawaddy (first from right).

Looking back on this period of history, the author is still deeply impressed by the farsightedness and wise decision of the leaders of our country in those years, and I also feel sincere respect for the people's sons and soldiers who fought bravely in the plateau area.

This war, which is not often mentioned today, is a special and significant war。The combat units on the front line of the war endured the shortage of materials brought about by the severe cold and supply difficulties, stubbornly overcame the harsh natural environment, boldly interspersed through the high mountains and deep valleys, and adopted the tactics of division and encirclement, and finally completed the combat mission at a relatively small cost, won a military victory, and defended territorial sovereignty.

Our leaders have used political, diplomatic and military means flexiblyIt not only won the victory in the counterattack, but also won the victory in moral and international standing, and gained the initiative in the diplomatic struggle

Salute to the older generation of politicians, revolutionaries and all those who took part in the war!