The eternal pain in the hearts of the Chinese is the independence of Outer Mongolia, but who should bear the responsibility for this problem? In the past, the Kuomintang was seen as the culprit for allowing Outer Mongolia to hold a referendum.
However, in fact, the Qing Dynasty, the Beiyang **, the Kuomintang and ourselves all made mistakes on the issue of foreign independence. To find the root of this question, we must look to history for the answer.
The fundamental reason for the independence of Outer Mongolia from China in the Qing Dynasty was the lack of connection with the interior and the lack of identity with the Central Plains culture. Although the Qing Dynasty ruled the Mongolian region, it did not treat all Mongolian tribes and people equally, and the co-optation of certain tribes was more obvious, such as Horqin and Karaqin in Inner Mongolia.
The Outer Mongolian tribes submitted to the Qing Dynasty relatively late, and the Qing Dynasty garrisoned and had a small number of troops in this area, which put it in a highly autonomous position. The princes and nobles of Outer Mongolia were given relatively low titles by the Qing Dynasty, which were more noble than those of the Inner Mongolian tribes.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Khalkha Mongolian princes and nobles had many problems in the management of Outer Mongolia due to the Qing Dynasty, and the status of the Outer Mongolian princes in the Qing court was not as high as that of the princes of Inner Mongolia.
If the Qing court had treated all Mongolian ministries as equals and established provinces in Mongolia, Outer Mongolia might not have embarked on the road to independence. During the Beiyang period, Xu Shuzheng once recovered Outer Mongolia, but due to the lack of long-term garrisons and effective military and political officials, Beiyang**'s rule here was still very weak.
As a result, the nascent Soviet Russia instigated the "Mongolian People's Republic" five years later, making Outer Mongolia a puppet regime under the de facto control of Soviet Russia and later the Soviet Union.
In August 1945, the Kuomintang and the Soviet Union signed the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance. According to one of the prerequisites proposed by the Soviet Union, a referendum was to be held on Outer Mongolia to decide on its independence.
Under strong pressure from the Yalta system and the Soviet Union, Chiang Kai-shek finally agreed to the Soviet demands. Manipulating by the Soviet Union, Outer Mongolia held a referendum and declared independence.
Although most Malaysians considered this a great disgrace, there were some leftists in the country at the time who disagreed. They believe that the reactionaries of international imperialism are trying to stir up the Han nationalist sentiments of the Chinese and oppose the establishment of an independent family by the people of Outer Mongolia.
This argument was popular among the "pro-Soviet", "left-wingers" and certain "internationalist" groups of the time, who considered it part of the "world proletarian revolution".
Today, this argument seems very ridiculous, but perhaps this is the so-called historical limitation!
Molotov signed a treaty with Wang Shijie, and when the People's Republic of China was founded, our party announced that it would not recognize all international agreements and treaties of the old China. Although we tried to merge Outer Mongolia back in the early years of the statehood, we had to abandon this idea in the end due to strong opposition from the Soviet Union.
After Khrushchev came to power, he made it clear that the Soviet Union would no longer reply to the question of the return of Outer Mongolia to China, which completely closed the door to the discussion between China and the Soviet Union on the status of Outer Mongolia.
At that time, we were in a weak position and needed the support of the Soviet Union, even if we subjectively wanted to take back Outer Mongolia, objectively we could not do anything. During the "honeymoon period" of Sino-Soviet relations, some people were regarded as "anti-Soviet" and were labeled as "rightists" because of their dissent to foreign countries, which shows that this act of the Soviet Union was dressed in the legal cloak of "internationalism" and could not be touched by ordinary people.
In 1961, Outer Mongolia officially joined the United Nations, which meant that Outer Mongolia's independence was widely recognized by the international community.
New China and the Soviet Union signed the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance, which left a deep mark on history. Chiang Kai-shek, who fled to Taiwan at that time, was still unwilling, and in 1953, the Taiwan Legislative Yuan passed a resolution to abolish the treaty and its annexes, in which the announcement on foreign affairs naturally became invalid.
Therefore, on the map of Taiwan's "China**", Outer Mongolia is still regarded as part of China. For a time, the Taiwan authorities used this as a basis to emphasize that they were anti-Soviet and anti-"**" and attacked Chinese mainland.
However, this is nothing more than a farce directed and staged by the Taiwan authorities in order to cover up their own mistakes. The secession of Outer Mongolia from Chinese territory is not something that can be borne by one person or a single force, which involves the short-sightedness of the Qing Dynasty, the incompetence of the warlords and Chiang Kai-shek, and our own understanding of this issue also has historical limitations.
Of course, the aggressive greed of Tsarist Russia and its heirs also played a contributing role. For the integrity of China's territory, Tsarist Russia and its heirs are undoubtedly to blame.
However, it has happened, and all we can do now is hold on to every inch of our territory and resolutely not budge when dealing with territorial disputes.