Thank you for your support. In the 70s of the last century, Sino-US relations broke the ice because of "ping-pong diplomacy" and Nixon's visit to China, and the two countries ushered in a good opportunity for cooperation. However, a visit by US Secretary of State Vance to China in 1977 nearly ruined the opportunity.
The cause of the incident was that Vance made three absurd and unreasonable demands to China during the negotiation process, and Comrade ** responded with a firm attitude on the spot, which made Vance at a loss for a while.
In 1972, Nixon's visit to China broke the ice in Sino-US relations, but after that, due to Nixon's "Watergate" scandal and Ford's failure to realize his plan to solve the Sino-US problem, Sino-US relations came to a standstill.
However, in this context, the meeting with Vance in 1978 became a key turning point in Sino-US relations. So, what did ** say to Vance during the meeting?
And how was Vance persuaded to abandon his unrealistic ideas? The core idea of the new copywriting: **The meeting with Vance is a key turning point in Sino-US relations.
Vance, despite the defeat of the United States in the Vietnam War, soaring domestic prices, economic downturn, and deepening contradictions with the Soviet Union, these factors have caused delays in the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States.
On the Chinese side, the death of the first generation of leaders and the change of the second generation of leadership have also made it impossible for China to focus on handling Sino-US relations for the time being.
It was not until 1977, when **** gradually became the core leader of the Chinese Communist Party**, and Jimmy Carter** also entered the White House, that the two sides began to solve the problem of normalizing Sino-US relations.
However, in the early years of his tenure, Carter faced many international issues, such as the chaos in the Middle East, the Panama Canal dispute, and the struggle for hegemony between the United States and the Soviet Union.
At Carter's first meeting to discuss national issues, he did not seem to notice that diplomatic relations between China and the United States had been stagnant for 20 years, probably because Carter was not good at international affairs, but focused more on state issues and did not know enough about international issues.
Therefore, in foreign policy, Carter is very dependent on Secretary of State Vance and Assistant for Affairs Zbigniew Brzezinski. Among them, Brzezinski attaches great importance to the normalization of relations with China, while Vance considers the US-Soviet issue to be more urgent.
Vance confidently stated that China has not yet reached the level of a major strategic power in terms of economic strength and strategic strength. Carter agreed, saying that while he recognized that it was in the U.S. interest to normalize relations between China and the United States, he did not want to see a strong Soviet reaction from cooperation with Beijing, given the urgency of the U.S.-Soviet issue and the Soviet Union's sensitive attitude toward China.
Therefore, Carter instructed Vance to visit China in the hope of delaying the process of normalizing Sino-US relations, first settling the Panama Canal dispute, and testing China's attitude on the Taiwan issue.
As Vance was about to depart, Carter specifically instructed him: "If the pace of normalization of relations between China and the United States is too fast, it will not only easily cause chaos in Congress, but may also affect the development of other affairs of the United States in the international community." ”
What Carter meant was that he hoped that Vance would delay the normalization of relations as much as possible on the basis of maintaining the existing relations between China and the United States. In August 1977, Vance was tasked with going to Beijing.
The White House had little to worry about his visit, as he is a recognized "expert on international dispute resolution." During his career as a lawyer, he demonstrated outstanding diplomatic skills as early as his time at the Ministry of Defense.
On several occasions, in a special capacity, he successfully resolved the Panama Canal incident, mediated the Dominican Civil War, and resolved the Cypriot dispute between Turkey and Greece.
He was everywhere in the US-Soviet arms limitation talks and the Paris peace talks on Vietnam. Vance is usually reticent, but at the negotiating table, he immediately presents himself as a ruthless negotiator, using a variety of tactics and techniques to convince the other side.
It was precisely because of his outstanding performance in the Department of Defense that Carter saw his great potential, so when forming the White House**, Carter was the first to think of Vance.
Vance does what he does best"Convince others", in the process of speaking to **, he can always get his wish.
When negotiations reach an impasse, Vance has always been able to turn the tide and resolve the differences through clever compromises to achieve the goal. His diplomatic wisdom has won unanimous praise from the White House and has been hailed as a master of American diplomacy"Victorious general", and even praised by the former ** Ford in the United States"Dispute resolution expert"。
Vance's opponents considered him a cunning negotiator, while American newspapers praised him for dealing with the state"Sexuality"Extensive experience in the problem. Sending Vance to China shows Carter's determination to normalize relations between China and the United States.
However, neither Vance nor Carter expected that he would be facing a better and more difficult negotiator.
On August 23, 1977, Huang Hua, the Chinese governor, met with Vance at the Diaoyutai State Guesthouse in Beijing. Vance began by expressing his fervent desire for the normalization of Sino-US relations, saying that the United States is willing to normalize relations between the two countries as long as China and the United States can reach an agreement on resolving the Taiwan issue.
Vance also expressed his approval of the "Shanghai Communiqué" issued during Nixon's visit to China, and proposed to recognize the People's Republic of China as the only legitimate China, and even to be willing to terminate the US-Taiwan defense treaty and withdraw all military forces and facilities from Taiwan.
Although Vance offered some concessions, in reality, his claims to China on the Taiwan issue were full of insidiousness and intentions. He demanded that China agree to the United States sending personnel to Taiwan under an unofficial name, and these people do not have the status or the right to ambassadors.
In addition, he said that the United States would issue a statement saying that it was interested in China resolving the Taiwan issue on its own. However, he demanded that China refrain from opposing the US statement and not emphasizing the use of force to resolve the Taiwan issue.
These are unreasonable conditions, because the Taiwan issue is China's own problem, and the Americans should not use this as a condition for negotiations with China.
It seems that China has no intention of accepting our proposal to 'flexibly handle' the Taiwan issue. Although he only said that he was "ready" to normalize relations between China and the United States and made a statement at an "appropriate" time, in reality, this gave him the initiative to delay the normalization of relations between the two countries, which is not beneficial to China.
In addition, the Americans insist on keeping a part of their personnel in Taiwan and demand that China not liberate Taiwan by force, which clearly shows that they do not want to let go of the Taiwan issue, and their ambitions are clearly exposed.
Huang Hua heard the overtones in Vance's words, decisively rejected his proposal, and even hinted that the squadron was ready to liberate Taiwan by force.
Huang Hua Huang Hua did not back down and insisted on his position, which surprised Vance. He originally thought that the visit would go well, but he did not expect to suffer a setback at the beginning.
He pinned his hopes on ***. On August 24, Deng Gong met with Vance in Zhongnanhai. Little did Vance know at the time that he was about to face a difficult negotiation.
Vance was impressed by Deng Gong's ability to handle foreign affairs and his firm stance in the negotiations. Deng Gong took the lead at the very beginning of the negotiations, and instead of talking about the Taiwan issue and Sino-US relations first, he first criticized the "appeasement policy" of the United States in US-Soviet relations.
When talking about the normalization of Sino-US relations, Deng Gong solemnly pointed out: "The current actions of the United States are obviously not conducive to the development of the normalization of Sino-US diplomatic relations, and it can even be said that they are regressing and deviating from the spirit of the Shanghai Communique." ”
Deng Gong's statement shocked Vance and put him at a disadvantage at the beginning of the negotiations. However, as the negotiations deepened, Vance still put forward three demands from the US side: first, China must promise the world that it will not use force to recover Taiwan; Second, after the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States, China must not interfere in the United States' relations with Taiwan*** Finally, although the U.S. embassy can withdraw from Taiwan, it must retain a liaison office.
In the face of such an unreasonable and absurd demand, Deng Gong expressed his position unequivocally: "If China and the United States want to establish diplomatic relations, the United States must abolish the US-Taiwan military defense treaty, withdraw its troops from Taiwan, and completely sever diplomatic relations with Taiwan."
This is the principle and bottom line that we adhere to. "US interference in the Taiwan issue has seriously infringed on China's internal affairs and obstructed China's great cause of reunification. Deng Gong then added: "After the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States, the United States and Taiwan can have normal personnel exchanges, and even send non-** representatives, but China firmly opposes any form of official representation in Taiwan." ”
Deng Gong's attitude exceeded Vance's expectations, and he did not understand why China attached so much importance to a "small" Taiwan, and was even willing to break with the United States for it.
Vance may not realize that the Taiwan issue has always touched the hearts of countless Chinese people, and it is the ultimate goal of China's pursuit of national independence and national reunification over the past 100 years, and it is our unshakable bottom line.
Through the recording of Kissinger and Ford's speeches, Deng Gong stressed that the normalization of Sino-US relations must be based on respecting China's position, and stressed that the establishment of an embassy without a national flag in Taiwan is absolutely impermissible.
At the end of Kissinger's visit to China, Deng Gong made it clear to Vance:"You need to understand two things, one is that China will not sit idly by on the Taiwan issue, and the other is that China has the patience to wait until the Taiwan issue is resolved. "
Vance realized that China had no room for compromise on the Taiwan issue, and even did not hesitate to abandon relations with the United States, and eventually had to return to the United States in embarrassment, which made him suffer a setback abroad for the first time.
After a lot of efforts, Sino-US relations have finally returned to normal. On August 28, Vance returned to the United States, and in order to hide the embarrassment of the defeat, Vance's entourage announced that Vance's visit to China had been a success.
However, the exaggeration and speculation of the United States ** have gradually amplified this statement, and some even think"China has relaxed its stance on Taiwan"。
and China have made a strong refutation and correction of this remark. Deng Gong clearly announced to the world through the United States**: "The basis for the normalization of Sino-US relations must be based on the three prerequisites of the United States abrogating the treaty, withdrawing troops from Taiwan, and severing diplomatic relations with Taiwan, and other countries must also abide by these principles in their relations with China." ”
This statement, which shows China's firm stance, also surprised Carter. In order to maintain friendly relations with China, he had to temporarily shelve Vance's claims on China and instead use Brzezinski, an assistant adviser.
Carter has new expectations for U.S.-China relations, as the Panama Canal Treaty has been signed, freeing up more energy for the White House to deal with relations with China.
In 1978, the leading role in the normalization of relations between China and the United States fell to Brzezinski, who was the first American to promote the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States, and was welcomed by China.
So, in May 1978, Brzezinski left for Beijing. Before he came to China, he had an exchange with Carter, and both agreed that China was unshakable on the Taiwan issue, so the United States could only make concessions.
On the basis of this consensus, the negotiations between the two sides proceeded more smoothly. On the evening of May 20, Brzezinski flew to Beijing. As is customary, Huang Hua first met with him, and the two of them discussed the long-term common interests and strategic goals of China and the United States in the future, as well as the risks that can be jointly addressed in the world situation.
Brzezinski showed a very high tacit understanding during the first day of talks, and the two tacitly avoided the issue of normalizing Sino-US relations, and it was not until the end of the conversation that he revealed the bottom line of the United States, that is, it reserves the right to demand the peaceful liberation of Taiwan.
Judging by Brzezinski's performance and the verbal promises he made, the sincerity of the United States this time cannot be questioned. On the afternoon of the next day, Deng Gong met with Zbigniew Brzezinski, and the two sides discussed Sino-US relations straight to the point.
Deng Gong bluntly said that the problem now is that the United States cannot make up its mind, but he firmly believes that the resumption of diplomatic relations is the trend of the times and will be beneficial to both countries.
** Brzezinski and Brzezinski agreed that the United States is willing to work with China to normalize relations and proposed to resume diplomatic talks next month. Although Brzezinski put forward the idea of a "peaceful settlement of the Taiwan issue", he stressed that this should not be a condition for exchanges between the two countries, but he was willing to accept this statement.
After the talks, Brzezinski believed that China showed a sense of urgency and confidence in promoting the normalization of relations between the two countries.
Brzezinski was impressed by Woodcock's visit to China for negotiations, and Carter highly praised his visit. Subsequently, China responded to the statement of the United States on the "importance of a peaceful settlement of the Taiwan issue", and negotiations between the two sides officially began.
Woodcock, director of the Liaison Office in China, held a number of talks with the Chinese representative, Huang Hua, to discuss various issues that hinder the normalization of diplomatic relations between the two countries. Although the two sides continued to have disputes in the process, and even stalled negotiations due to the repeated US arms sales issues, progress was still made in the end.
Considering the possibility of being secretly negotiated with China, Carter made concessions on this issue. So on December 16, 1978, Carter officially announced to the world in Washington that China and the United States had reached an agreement on the normalization of relations, which would take effect on January 1, 1979.
At the same time, in order to send a friendly signal to the world, the United States sent an invitation to visit China. At the beginning of 1979, the 74-year-old *** crossed the ocean and came to the United States.
During his week-long visit to the United States, he participated in more than 80 activities, which was described by foreign countries as "a whirlwind of Deng blowing in the United States". Deng Gong's current visit to the United States directly announced to the world the normalization of Sino-US relations, which also marked the beginning of a new era in the relations between the two countries.
U.S.-China relations have always been the focus of global attention, and the actions of both countries are influencing the evolution of the world landscape. Whether it is the founding of New China at the beginning of the last century, or the Lion of the East, which has risen to become the world's second largest economy, we have always upheld the concept of peaceful coexistence with the United States.
However, just as Comrade *** said, the Taiwan issue is our bottom line, and the issue of principle cannot be touched. Therefore, when Vance made such an unreasonable request to China, Deng Gong gave a resolute response.
At that time, China would not give in to the United States, and now we are even more determined. What are your thoughts on this? Welcome to leave a message in the comment area to discuss!