There are eight existing wooden buildings from the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in China
Zhang Hongxing. Some say five, some say six, and some say nine wooden buildings from the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, but the author has carefully studied and found that there are eight.
The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms was a period of turmoil between the Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty, with five dynasties in the north, including the Later Liang, the Later Tang, the Later Jin, the Later Han, and the Later Five Dynasties, starting from 907 when the Later Liang usurped the Tang Dynasty to 960 when the Northern Song Dynasty was established, which lasted for more than 50 years.
Nine of the ten kingdoms are in the south, Southern Wu, Southern Tang, Wuyue, Southern Chu, Former Shu, Later Shu, Southern Han, Nanping (Jingnan), Fujian, and another Northern Han is in Shanxi in the north, and the Ten Kingdoms began in 902 when Yang Xingmi established Southern Wu, and ended in 979 when the Northern Song Dynasty destroyed the Northern Han Dynasty and completed the unification, a total of more than 70 years.
1. There are four seats that are not disputed.
Five dynasties and ten kingdoms have been in constant turmoil, and there are very few wooden structures that have survived to this day, and there are the following four that are not disputed. Shanxi Pingshun Longmen Temple West with the Palace, Later Tang Tongguang three years (925 years) Shanxi Pingshun Tiantai Nunnery Palace, Later Tang Dynasty Tiancheng four years (929 years) Shanxi Pingyao Zhenguo Temple Ten Thousand Buddha Palace, Northern Han Tianhui seven years (963 years) Fujian Fuzhou Hualin Temple Palace, Wu Yue Qiande two years (964 years).
Shanxi Pingshun Longmen Temple west with the hall
Longmen Temple is located in the Taihang Mountain, more than 30 kilometers from Pingshun County, Shanxi, along the valley of the Turbidity River, the temple is not large but has preserved the ancient buildings of six eras.
The west side hall is three rooms wide, four rafters are deep, the top of the hanging hill, there is no tween paving, there is no general shooting square, the column head is paved only one jump Hua Bao, it is the beam head inside that stretches out, the jump head does not make the order, and the wind is used to replace the wooden support with a short sleeve.
According to the records of the five dynasties left in the temple, Longmen Temple was founded in the third year of Tang Tongguang (925) after the five dynasties, and now this era name is used as the creation time of the West Side Palace, but the inscription does not specify the construction time of the West Side Palace.
The Daxiong Treasure Hall of Longmen Temple next to it was founded in the fifth year of Shaosheng in the Northern Song Dynasty (1098), more than 170 years later than the West Side Palace, 2Shanxi Pingshun Tiantai Nunnery Hall
Tiantai Nunnery is located in Wangqu Village, Pingshun County, Shanxi, on the bank of the Zhuozhang River, and only one large hall remains.
The main hall is three rooms wide, four rafters are deep, one of the four rafters is built before and after, and the structure above the four rafters is about to be transformed in the Ming Dynasty, which increases the slope of the roof. The stigma is paved with only one jump of Hua, is the beam head inside stretched out, and the jump head is not ordered, and the short replacement of the wooden support is the wind maber.
In the past, it has always been inferred to be a building of the Tang Dynasty, but there is no beam structure in the existing Tang Dynasty buildings that is the same as that of the Tiantai Nunnery, and there are no references of the same type in the later Song Dynasty buildings, so there is no evidence to overturn the inferences of the predecessors.
A few years ago, during the maintenance, the four years of Changxing of the Later Tang Dynasty (933) were found in the spine, and the four years of Tiancheng of the Tang Dynasty (929) were found in the rafters.
Ten Thousand Buddha Hall of National Temple in Pingyao Town, Shanxi
Pingyao Zhenguo Temple is in Haodong Village, more than ten kilometers northeast of the ancient city of Pingyao.
Ten thousand Buddha hall is the main hall in the temple, face wide three rooms, into the depth of six rafters, the use of two six rafters through the front and back, the beam frame is atmospheric and beautiful, the column head paving is seven paving for double copying double ang, tween paving using double copying, there is no general shooting square, the column head is round and round, the color sculpture in the hall is now considered to be the work of the five dynasties period.
The double copy of the Ten Thousand Buddha Hall is very similar to the East Hall of the Buddha Temple in the Tang Dynasty, but the structure is completely different, the East Hall is the second jump of the beam head, but the Hall of Ten Thousand Buddhas does not.
According to the inscription records of later generations, the Ten Thousand Buddha Hall was built in the three years of the Tianhui of the Northern Han Dynasty (963) during the period of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, and there was no inscription or inscription when it was created, and the inscription of the Tianhui in the hall for three years was also written during the maintenance of the Qing Dynasty.
When the Ten Thousand Buddha Hall was established, the Northern Song Dynasty had been established for three years, and the Northern Song Dynasty's conquest of the Northern Han Dynasty was nineteen years after the founding of the country.
The main hall of Hualin Temple in Fuzhou, FujianThe main hall of Fuzhou Hualin Temple is located in the urban area of Fuzhou, and is the oldest wooden structure ancient building south of the Yangtze River in China.
The main hall of Hualin Temple is three rooms wide, eight rafters are deep, nine ridge tops, there is no general shooting square, the column head paving and tween paving are all seven paving for double copying double ang, beware of the use of two tween paving, one between the two times, the arrangement density of the squills is larger than the Tang Dynasty building Foguang Temple East Hall that also adopts double copying and double ang, the beam frame adopts four rafters before and after the milk oak with four columns, the shape of the beam and ang is very different from the north, the regional difference is still quite obvious.
According to the record, Hualin Temple was built in the second year of Qiande (964), this era name is also used as the creation of the Hualin Temple hall, the building body does not create the year inscription, at this time the Northern Song Dynasty has been established for four years, but at this time Fuzhou still belongs to Wu Yueguo, Wu Yueguo uses the name of the Northern Song Dynasty, until the Northern Song Dynasty 18 years after the establishment of Wu Yueguo did not belong to the Northern Song Dynasty.
The hall has been relocated in its entirety, and its exterior features have changed slightly.
Five dynasties and ten kingdoms is a period of turmoil between the Tang and Song dynasties, frequent changes of dynasties, wars and turmoil, it is not easy to leave some architectural remains, especially in the valley of the Zhuozhang River in the Changzhi region of Shanxi, there are Tiantai Nunnery, Dayun Temple, Longmen Temple three buildings of the five dynasties in just a few tens of kilometers, which are the most concentrated places, very rare.
2. Basically determined four-seaterThe following four are basically identified as five dynasties and ten national wooden buildings, but there are some controversies.
Hebei Zhengding County Confucian Temple Dacheng Hall(Inferred five generations).
There are two Confucian temples in the famous ancient city of Zhengding, Hebei, one is the Fuwen Temple, which preserves a gate that is inferred from the Yuan Dynasty; The other is the county Confucian Temple, and its Dacheng Hall is a building of the inferred five dynasties.
Dacheng hall is five rooms wide, six rafters deep, the beam frame adopts four rafters before and after the front and back, the column head paving is a double copy, there is no tween paving, there is no general shooting square, the beam and the beam and column are made of very large materials.
2, the front hall of the Jade Emperor Temple in Bucun (early Northern Song Dynasty or five dynasties).
The Jade Emperor Temple is, of course, a temple dedicated to the Jade Emperor and is a Taoist building. Today's protagonist Shanxi Bucun Jade Emperor Temple was used as a grain depot after the founding of the People's Republic of China, before the renovation has been dilapidated, on the verge of collapse, after the repair shows the vicissitudes of history and heaviness. On the existing central axis, there are dance floors, dedication halls, front halls, apse halls and many flower halls, two compartments, etc. Among them, the front hall is the five dynasties, the apse is the Jin Dynasty, the east buttress hall is the Yuan Dynasty, the rest is the Qing Dynasty, a temple has three early wooden structures of the Song, Jin and Yuan dynasties, which is rare to see in the existing ancient temples.
It is located in Bu Village, Cilin Town, 20 kilometers southeast of Changzhi Changzi County, Shanxi Province. The date of its founding is unknown, and there are no relevant records of historical materials and inscriptions. Through the comparison of the temple hall and the same building in the southeast of the Jin Dynasty, the front hall of the temple is the five dynasties (some people think it is the Tang or Song Dynasty), the apse is the Jin Dynasty, the east hall of the apse is the Ming Dynasty building, and the rest of the buildings are the Qing Dynasty. Long 615 meters, width 382 meters, covering an area of about 2300 square meters. The Jade Emperor Temple is divided into two courtyards before and after, there are gatehouses, the ruins of the front hall, the dedication hall, the middle hall, the apse on the central axis, the two sides of the mountain gate and the apse are respectively set up the ear room, the Duo hall, and the west side opens up the courtyard.
The front hall is a building of five generations, the face is wide, the depth is three respectively, the single eaves rest on the top of the mountain, the front eaves use four octagonal stone pillars, the column head is obviously rolled and killed, there is no general beating, the forehead has been sawed off by the descendants, but the column head has left two installation holes up and down.
No tween paving, column head bucket arch for five paving for double copy stealing heart made, inside turn four paving for single copying, beam head straight out of the second jump Hua Bao. There are two oblique members above the two-jump Huabao, and the fulcrum of the oblique is on the second jump, and the rear tail is pressed under the front part of the flat beam.
The paving of the mountain and the rear eaves column head is also two jumps of Hua Yu stealing the heart, and the second jump is Ding Yu and the chopping stretch out respectively. The beam frame is three rafters to the rear of the three pillars, the three rafters and the slash are drawn on the inner column, the inner column head is supported by a jump, the column diameter of the two octagonal inner columns is much smaller than the column base and the big bucket, and it is estimated that the descendants have been replaced. Two very high trapezoidal hump supporting beams are used on the three rafters, the edge of the hump is killed by the flap, the front groove is obliquely out, the rear tail is inserted into the hump on the three rafters, the top is also used to support the head of the head oak with this very high trapezoidal hump, and the rear groove is horizontally docked with the longitudinal beam, and the head is tied to the Shu pillar. On the flat beam, the fork hand and the Shu pillar are used, and the Shu pillar is replaced by a square wood instead of the hump, and the two fork hands are connected with the big bucket and the fold on the Shu pillar, and there is no Ding Hua to wipe the chin.
3, Lucheng original temple hall (early Song or five dynasties).
The original temple is located on the top of Phoenix Mountain in the east of Xin'an Village, Huangniuti Township, Lucheng District, Changzhi City (it looks like an earthen high platform from the village). Looking north, it is the turbid Zhanghe River. The existing Song built the main hall, the Ming built the dedication hall, the east side of the Qing built three Buddha halls, the west side of the Song built Qinglong Tower. The main hall is a single eaves rest on the top of the mountain, the face is wide and three, the eaves pillar is not rolled to kill, there is no general shooting party. A short substitute tree in the shape of a cirrus cloud in the transverse and longitudinal direction in the mouth of the bucket. There is no mud road, directly in the form of the stigma, and the mud road is engraved on it. The main beam stretches out of the eaves to do Hua Bao, inheriting the wood, the wind and the mawlet, no order, but also "bucket mouth jump". It can be said that the structure is exactly the same as that of Tiantai Nunnery and the west side hall of Longmen Temple.
Beam frame: three deep rooms, four rafters, the structure is three rafters after the flat connection, through the eaves with three columns. There are two ancient monuments in the dedication hall, one of which was engraved with new characters in the fifties of the last century.
Qinglong Pagoda is also known as the Great Sage Pagoda, an octagonal brick pagoda. The first and second layers of the two layers of double jumping, and the jumping head is directly presented as a replacement wood. The structure above the second floor is slightly different. There are brick carved mullioned windows on the east and west sides of the first floor. Layers 1 to 3 are hollow, and layers 3 or more are solid.
In the article of the legendary teacher Tang of Aita, it was said that there was a broken tablet in the second year of Yuanyou of the Northern Song Dynasty (1087). It is recorded that "Chongxiu pagoda and establish fine blue", and it is speculated that the hall and tower are all built in the Song Dynasty. However, its large wooden structure is consistent with the architecture of the five dynasties. Some scholars say that it is Tang Jian and Song Xiu. It is also possible that the antique structure of Song Xiu is constructed.
4, the main hall of Xiaozhang Biyun Temple (early Song Dynasty or five dynasties).
Xiaozhang Biyun Temple is located in Xiaozhang Village, Danzhu Town, Changzhi County, Shanxi Province, its main hall building can be traced back to the Northern Song Dynasty and even the Five Dynasties period, the temple structure is divided into upper, middle and lower courtyards. Legend has it that Qin Qiong once tied a horse here.
Xiaozhang Biyun Temple in Changzi County is found at the top of the girder of Biyun Temple in Xiaozhang Village, Danzhu Town, which is one of the important features of the Five Dynasties architecture. According to the preliminary judgment of famous ancient construction experts, the main building of Biyun Temple in Xiaozhang Village was built in the period of the Five Dynasties, which is very rare in China. Xiaozhang Village is fifteen miles west of Changzi County. It is a small village surrounded by mountains on three sides and facing the river on one side. Biyun Temple stands in the center of this small village.
Biyun Temple is divided into three parts: the upper courtyard, the middle courtyard and the lower courtyard. The blue one, the green one. Because there is an ancient acacia in the lower courtyard of the temple, it is more than five zhang high, its thick fourteen people can hold hands to hug, from spring to autumn, cover the sky and cover the sun, and the trees are full of green. There are five giant cypress trees in the middle courtyard, which are tall and verdant, and green all year round. The cloud refers to the rigorous layout of the temple building structure and the ancient technique. From a distance, the entire temple is in the form of the traditional character "cloud". The main hall is a horizontal on the head of the cloud character, the guide road and the stone steps are one of the vertical in the rain, the Jizo Hall and the west wing room are one of the vertical on the left side of the rain, the low wall of the upper courtyard and the east side of the temple and the west wing room are the horizontal folds and vertical of the rain, and the four giant cypresses on both sides of the guide road are the four points in the rain; The giant cypress on the east side of the stone steps on the south side of the middle courtyard is a point of clouds; The low wall on the south side of the middle courtyard is the point of the clouds; The west side of the lower courtyard is the temple of Guanyin and the stage and the ear room are the skimming of the clouds; The temple gate is the last point of the clouds. This forms a complete traditional Chinese character for "cloud", and I am amazed by the unique creation of our ancient ancestors.
There are three main halls in the upper courtyard of Biyun Temple, it is a wooden structure, a single eaves rest mountain roof, the opening is larger, the eaves are far-reaching, the bucket arch under the eaves is sparse, the regulation is strict, the corner pillar rises, the eaves angle is warped and relaxed, giving people a sense of majestic stability. The four rafters penetrate the front and rear eaves to make Chinese arches, and the beam structure is regular and compact. In the middle of the main hall is the statue of Jizo Bodhisattva, with kind eyebrows and kind eyes, staring into the distance. Lao Tzu in the west and Confucius in the east, also known as the "Three Churches". There are eighteen Arhat statues standing on the east and west shrine platforms. There is a monk statue on the southwest corner, which is said to be the bone statue of the old monk who built the temple. The ceiling of the main hall is painted with murals, vaguely distinguishable "magpie Dengmei", "unicorn Xianrui", "dragon and phoenix are auspicious", "a hundred flowers compete for spring", the lines are smooth, solemn and elegant, the god and form are both, the skills are superb, the strokes are expressive, the aesthetic concept of the society in the five dynasties period is left to the descendants, and it embodies its precious historical value.
Legend has it that during the Sui Dynasty, Qin Qiong, a good man in Shandong, went to Chang'an, Xijing to send official documents, passed by here on the way home, people were sleepy and horses were lacking, so the yellow horse was tied to an ancient locust outside the courtyard, and took a nap according to the tree. Later, Qin Qiong came to Luzhou City and fell into trouble. Helplessly, Qin Qiong went to Erxian Village outside Luzhou City to sell horses, and got acquainted with Shan Xiongxin, a heroic hero in Luzhou, which was passed down as a good story. Later, Qin Qiong helped Li Yuan and Li Shimin's father and son destroy the Sui and Tang dynasties, and became a great hero of the Tang Dynasty. There is an old monk who traveled to Biyun Temple and saw the ancient acacia tree, green and upright, surrounded by mountains and rivers. I heard that after Qin Qiong tied a horse here, he achieved the great cause of the Tang Dynasty, and thought that this was a treasure of feng shui. So, the old monk came here to turn his fate and built the Biyun Temple.
3. One of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.
Shanxi Pingshun Dayun Temple Mida Palace
Dayun Temple is located in Shihui Village, Pingshun County, Shanxi, not far from Tiantai Nunnery and Longmen Temple along the Zhuozhang River.
The main hall is three rooms wide, six rafters are deep, nine ridge tops, the column head paving and tween paving are all used to copy double, and the general shooting square is applied, the internal beam frame is four rafters to the milk oak with three columns, many different shapes of humps are used in the Mida Palace, it is a major highlight. There are also some frescoes left on the walls, which are from the same period as the main hall.
When the hall began to be identified as the fifth dynasty, later in the repair, after a detailed survey, it was known that it was a Tang Dynasty building, and the Tang Dynasty wooden structure structure characteristics are obvious.