Empathetic reasoning with jokes
In the "** and Sharing" on page 47 of "Logic and Thinking" of the third "Logic and Thinking" of high school ideological and political selection, a cross talk with laughter is shown.
A: "All horses are not dogs", you can turn around, "All dogs are not horses". B: Then if I say a word, can you tell me about it?
A: No problem.
B: Some people like to eat chocolate.
A: Some people like to eat chocolate.
B: Again, some people are not cross talk actors.
A: Some cross talk actors are not ......
In this cross talk clip, why can't A's last sentence go on?
What is the laughing point of this cross talk?
Some people are not cross talk actors. carried out empathy reasoning and came to a ridiculous conclusion: some cross talk actors are not people.
Why is the empathy reasoning in front of me okay, and there is a laugh in this sentence? This involves the rules of transpositional reasoning.
The full name of transposition reasoning is the transposition reasoning of nature judgment. On page 48 of the textbook, three rules of empathy are introduced.
First, the joint terms of the premise judgment are not changed when reasoning. The premise judgment is yes, and it is still affirmative after transposition. If the premise judgment is negative, it is still negative after transposition.
Second, the positions of the subject and predicate of the premise judgment are reversed.
Third, the items that are not extended in the premise cannot be extended after transposition.
There are six basic forms of judgment according to the combination of quality and quantity. So, what forms of direct transposition reasoning can't be made? From the above rules, we find that rule 1 and rule 2 are easy to do, and the key is rule 3. If a nature judgment does not conform to rule three, it cannot be directly transposed.
We can find out which situations violate Rule 3 by comparing the six types of judgment in the table of circumferential conditions.
According to Rule 3, "what is not extended in the premise cannot be extended after the transposition." "We found out against **The full name is negative judgmentwithSingular nameNopeJudgmentdoes not existInconsiderate items, so they can reason directly from their position. In the above cross talk,"All horses are not dogs", which can be reversed, "All dogs are not horses". is a typical example.
Of course, name one for yourselfSingular negative judgment"I am not Huang Rong" is also correct to conclude that "Huang Rong is not me".
It is said that the premise of affirmative judgment is not thoroughAfter transposition, it is also inconsiderate, in line with rule 3, so it can also be directly transposed and reasoned. In the above case, ".Some people like to eat chocolateThe introduction of "some people who like to eat chocolate are people" is the correct empathy.
At this time, there are three other situations that do not meet Rule 3, which are:The full name affirms judgmentSingular affirmative judgmentSpecifically called negative judgment
We can analyze with examples:All commodities are the products of labor。It's just one".The full name affirms judgment", after transposing".All the products of labor are commoditiesObviously, this is not realistic, because some consumer goods are not commodities. However, if we carefully study the rules, we can find that in the rules of transpositional reasoning, the quantifier can be changed, and we can adjust the quantifier to make the reasoning valid.
by ".All commodities are the products of labor"Transpositional reasoning leads to:
Some of the products of labor are commodities”。It becomes a correct empathetic reasoning.
Let's take another example,".Xiao Wang is a teacher"Rollout".The teacher is Xiao WangIt's just one".Singular affirmative judgment”。But this reasoning is not realistic, Xiao Wang is just one of the teachers. However, we can also adjust the terms to make the reasoning valid.
by ".Xiao Wang is a teacher"Transpositional reasoning leads to:
There is a teacher who is Xiao Wang”。It becomes a correct empathetic reasoning.
Finally, let's look at the special term negative judgment. In the above cross talk,
Some people are not cross talk actors. ”"Transpositional reasoning leads to:"Some comedian actors are not people. ”It's the laughing point.
Obviously, the "special name negative judgment" cannot be directly transposed and reasoned, so can we solve it by adjusting the quantity term?
For example:"Some comedian actors are not people. ”
Replace it with "All cross talk actors are not people." "A cross talk actor is not a person. ”
We found that it is not possible to adjust the quantity item to the full name, special name, and single name, because the main item in the premise is not thoughtful, and only some objects are determinedPredicateThe predicate of the negative judgment has been extended, so no matter how you adjust the quantity, it is there."Expand the conceptual outreachLogical errors.
From this, we can conclude that:Negative judgments cannot be used for transpositional reasoning.
If we combine the analysis of the six situations, we can find that when transpositional reasoning is carried out:
1. There are three types of judgmentsDirect transposition reasoning
The full name is negative judgment, special name affirmative judgment、Singular nameNopeJudgment
2. There are two natures that can be judgedAdjust the quantity itemempathetic reasoning;
Full nameKenJudgmentSingular nameKenJudgment
3. Special term negative judgmentTranspositional reasoning is not possible.
If we want to create laughter in our lives, we can also list a fewIt is specifically called the transposition reasoning of negative judgmentsGo give it a try. The basic structure is that some s are not p.
For example: "Some people are not fans. ”
"Some of the teachers are not language teachers. ”
In practical reasoning, we can combine metamorphosis reasoning and transposition reasoning to form them separatelyProte-position inferencewithTranspositional reasoning。Since transposition reasoning can be applied to six kinds of property judgments, and transposition reasoning can be used for five kinds of property judgments (especially known as negation can't), therefore, in the case of promisposition and transposition inference, if it appearsIf it is called negative judgment transposition reasoning, it cannot necessarily lead to conclusions
Of course, we also need to complete some exercises based on the above conclusions.
1. (2022 Liaoning Volume 16) With the release of the "Shenzhou 13" carry, space seeds have regained the focus of attention. Space seeds refer to the seeds that are selected from crops, carried into space by spacecraft, and genetically mutated by space mutagenesis in the special environment of space, and then preferentially cultivated on the ground. This must be true ( ).
Some space seeds are not cultivated through space mutagenesis
All space seeds are cultivated through space mutagenesis
Some of the seeds cultivated through space mutagenesis are space seeds
All seeds that have been cultivated through space mutagenesis are space seeds
a．①②b．①④c．②③d．③④
To ensure that transposition reasoning draws true conclusions from the given true premises, there are rules that must be followed
The joint term of the premise judgment is not changed when reasoning
The joint term that changes the premise judgment when reasoning
The positions of the subject and predicate of the premise judgment are reversed
Items that are not extended in the premise must be extended after transposition
a.①②b.c.②④d.③④
Prote-position reasoning for property judgment is a commonly used reasoning method for simple judgment deductive reasoning. The following reasoning about the qualitative position of property judgment corresponds to the correct one
"Some diseases are not contagiousSoSome diseases are non-communicable. ”Transpetual reasoning
"Some metals are liquidsSoSome liquids are metals. ”Transpetual reasoning
"Some methods are scientificSoSome methods are not non-scientific. ”empathetic reasoning;
"Some middle school students are star chasers, so some star chasers are middle school students. ”empathetic reasoning;
a.①③b.②③c.②④d.
In thinking activities, we can use the combination of transposition and transposition, that is, to carry out transposition reasoning or transposition reasoning. Among the following propositions, it is possible to transpose both the qualitative position and the qualitative position
a.Nothing that hinders the development of the productive forces is socialistNo, you can't
b.Some export-oriented enterprises are growing fastYes
c.Some scientists didn't go to collegeYes
dIf we do not develop science and technology, we will suffer lossesYes
Cf. ***1-4 cbdd
1. Answer: C
Analysis: According to the description of space seeds in the material, it can be seen that space seeds must go through two stages: one is space mutagenesis, and the other is ground optimization. We can launch "All space seeds are bred through space mutagenesis". Then, the transposition reasoning of this judgment follows the transposition rule: the joint term of the premise judgment is not changed during reasoning, and the position of the subject and predicate of the premise judgment is reversed, and the term that is not extended in the premise cannot be extended after transposition, and it is concluded that "some seeds cultivated through space mutagenesis are space seeds", which is in line with the topic. According to the two conditions of space seeds, it can be seen that all space seeds are cultivated through space mutagenesis, wrong. Space mutagenesis is a necessary condition for space seeds, and it is not necessary to do without it, and it is not necessary to do it, so "all seeds cultivated by space mutagenesis are space seeds" is not necessarily true, wrong. Therefore, C is selected for this question.
A: B
Parsing errors, reasoning without changing the premise of the judgment;Wrong, the items that are not extended in the premise cannot be extended after transposition.
Error-prone reminder: When transposing reasoning, the premise judgment is positive, and the transposition is still affirmative. If the premise judgment is negative, it is still negative after transposition.
Answer d
Analysis: False, the meaning and principles of transposition reasoning and transposition reasoning judged by nature can be seen that "some metals are liquids, therefore, some liquids are metals" belongs to transposition reasoning; False, "Some methods are scientific, therefore, some methods are not non-scientific" belongs to metamorphic reasoning.
Answer d
ResolutionNegative judgments cannot be used for transpositional reasoning. Analyze accordingly:
A is wrong, it can be changed to "everything that hinders the development of the productive forces is non-socialist", and then it can be changed to "some non-socialist things hinder the development of the productive forces". It can also be changed to "socialism (things) do not hinder the development of the productive forces" and then change the quality to "socialism (things) do not hinder the development of the productive forces". B is wrong, can not change the quality, but can be transposed, the proposition can be transposed to "some fast-growing (enterprises) are export-oriented enterprises", and then changed to "some fast-growing (enterprises) are not non-export-oriented enterprises".c is wrong, you can first change the position to "some scientists have not gone to college", and then change the position to "some scientists have not gone to college", the proposition cannot be changed first and then changed
D is correct, it can be changed to "not developing science and technology is not not suffering", and then it can be changed to "not developing science and technology is not developing science and technology", or it can be changed to "some people who will suffer losses will not develop science and technology", and then change the quality to "some people who will suffer losses are not developing science and technology".