The rise of the Liao and Jin kingdoms one after another
The Khitan belongs to the Donghu ethnic group, a branch of Xianbei, nomadic in Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia in the 4th century. In the early 6th century, the Khitan were still in the tribal stage, and in the early Tang Dynasty, they formed a tribal alliance and submitted to the Turkic Khanate in Mobei. In 628, the Khitan tribal alliance was annexed to the Tang Dynasty, and since then, relations between the Khitan and the Tang Dynasty have been good and bad. In the late Tang Dynasty, Yelu Abaoji, the leader of the Khitan Diera Tribe, took advantage of the civil strife in the Tang Dynasty to unify the Khitan tribes. plundered the population of the Central Plains, took in the displaced people formed by the war in Hebei, and built a city on the grassland in accordance with the Central Plains style to settle them, and with the increase of the Khitan control population, the Khitan gradually grew stronger. In 916, Yelu Abaoji, the leader of the Khitan tribe, founded the Khitan State. In 936, the Khitan State obtained the Sixteen Prefectures of Youyun. In 947, the name of the country was changed to Da Liao (916-1125).
The ancestors of the Jurchen people lived in Siberia and later migrated to the Heilongjiang and Songhua River valleys and the Changbai Mountains. In the Tang Dynasty, it was called the Black Water Eagle, which lived in the Heilongjiang area and made a living from fishing and hunting. In the five dynasties, the Wanyan tribe and other tribes belonged to the Bohai State. After the Liao State conquered the Bohai State, it incorporated the Jurchen tribe in the south and called the mature Jurchen, and the northern Jurchen tribe was born. Among the more than 30 Jurchen tribes, the Wanyan tribe was the most powerful. In February 1112, Emperor Tianzuo of Liao summoned the chieftains of the nearby Jurchen tribe to the court, and after getting drunk during the banquet, he ordered the chiefs to dance for him. In September, Wanyan Aguta stopped obeying the edict and began to use troops against other Jurchen tribes who did not obey him.
In the spring of 1114, Wanyan Aguda officially raised an army against Liao. In January 1115, Wanyan Aguta proclaimed himself emperor and established the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234). Emperor Tianzuo of Liao paid attention to this matter until then and ordered a personal expedition, but was defeated, and at the same time, there was a rebellion between Yelu Zhangnu and Gao Yongchang in Liao. Ah Gu divided into two ways to start the battle to destroy Liao. By 1120, the Liao State had lost half of its land. During this period, the Northern Song Dynasty successively sent envoys to make a maritime alliance with the Jin State and jointly attack the Liao State. In 1122, the Eastern Route Army captured Dading Mansion in Zhongjing, and Emperor Tianzuo fled to the desert. At the same time, the Western Route Army also captured Xijing Datong Mansion. The Northern Song Dynasty also sent Tong Guan and others to lead the army to the north to invade Nanjing and Youyun Sixteen Prefectures many times, but they were all defeated by the Liao army. The Northern Song Dynasty finally asked the Jin army to capture Liaonan, and after negotiation between the Song and Jin sides, the Jin army gave some cities in the sixteen prefectures of Youyun and obtained the New Year's coins, but the Northern Song Dynasty obtained several empty cities after the Jin army sacked them.
In the first month of 1124, in order to unite with the Western Xia to destroy the Liao, the Jin State ceded the Liao land north of Xiazhai and south of Yinshan to the Western Xia, and the Western Xia changed to the Jin Dynasty. In 1125, Emperor Tianzuo was captured, and the Liao State was destroyed under the internal rebellion and the blows of the Jin, Song, and Western Xia forces. In fact, the independence of the Jin State also belonged to the rebellion of the Liao State, and the rebels just did not belong to the main ethnic group of the Liao State. The Khitan nobles fled west with the Khitans, and eventually established Western Liao in Xinjiang and other places.
The Liao State is a country established by the Khitans, a country dominated by the Khitans, and the Khitans have the highest comprehensive status. The Khitan population is all soldiers, and the demise of such a model of regime means that a large proportion of the population of the ruler group is lost. In the vast area of the Liao State, most of the Khitans disappeared or fled, a small number of Khitans surrendered to the Jin State and became part of the population of the Jin State, and the Khitans in the Sixteen Prefectures of Youyun disappeared almost without a trace.
When it comes to the fall of the Liao State and the rise of the Jin State, it is also full of regret and luck. The Liao State was destroyed by its own slow reaction, and the rise of the Jin State was fortunate to be the sluggishness of the Liao State. There is almost no doubt that the Emperor of the Liao State can react more sensitively, and it is not very difficult to eliminate the Wanyan Aguda forces that have not yet grown in time. Although this shows the luck of the rise of the Jin State, there seems to be some kind of inevitability, ** The emperor who inherits the throne according to the bloodline is not always so level, which provides an opportunity for some forces to rise.
We can see that the rise of the Jurchens during the Song Dynasty is so similar to the rise of the Jurchens in the late Ming Dynasty, both of which are low-key and endure humiliation, stand by to rebel, and then gradually defeat the previous suzerain. The common results are all serious, and they are all great misfortunes for humanity.