Lithium batteriesIt is a rechargeable battery that uses lithium ions to move between the positive and negative electrodes to store and release electrical energy. It has the advantages of high energy density, high working voltage, long cycle life, low self-discharge rate, no memory effect, etc., and is widely used in mobile phones, laptops, electric vehicles, energy storage systems and other fields.
First, the structure of lithium batteries
The basic structure of lithium batteries consists of:Positive electrode, negative electrode, diaphragm, electrolyte, and housingCompose.
Positive electrodeGenerally, lithium-containing metal oxides or phosphates are used, such as lithium cobalt oxide, nickel-cobalt-manganese (ternary) lithium, lithium iron phosphate, etc.
Negative electrodeGraphite or other carbon materials are generally used, and some lithium metals or lithium alloys are also used.
DiaphragmIt is a microporous polymer film that isolates the positive and negative electrodes, preventing short circuits while allowing lithium ions to pass through. An electrolyte is an organic solvent containing lithium salts that is used to provide a carrier for lithium ions. The casing is a metal or plastic package that is used to protect the structure inside the battery from outside interference.
Second, the working principle of lithium battery
The working principle of lithium batteries is to realize the process of charging and discharging through the embedding and de-intercalation of lithium ions between the positive and negative electrodes.
When the lithium battery is charged, the external power supply applies a positive voltage to the battery, so that the electrons flow from the positive electrode to the negative electrode, and at the same time, the lithium ions are detached from the active material of the positive electrode, pass through the electrolyte and separator, and are embedded in the active material of the negative electrode.
In this way, there is a potential difference between the positive and negative electrodes, which is the voltage of the battery. When the lithium battery is discharged, the external circuit applies a reverse voltage to the battery, so that the electrons flow from the negative electrode to the positive electrode, and at the same time, the lithium ions are removed from the active material of the negative electrode, pass through the electrolyte and separator, and are embedded in the active material of the positive electrode. In this way, the battery outputs electrical energy to an external circuit.
3. Performance parameters of lithium batteries
The performance parameters of lithium batteries mainly include:Voltage, capacity, internal resistance, cycle life, discharge rate, operating temperatureWait.
VoltageIt refers to the potential difference of the battery, which is generally determined by the material of the positive and negative electrodes, and the common lithium battery voltage is 36v or 37v。
CapacityIt refers to the amount of electricity that the battery can give under certain discharge conditions, which is generally expressed in ampere-hours (ah) or milliampere-hours (mAh), which is related to the size, material, and process of the battery.
Internal resistanceIt refers to the resistance of current when passing through the inside of the battery, generally expressed in ohms ( ), which is related to the material, structure, temperature, etc. of the battery.
Cycle lifeIt refers to the retention rate of the battery's capacity relative to the initial capacity after a complete charge-discharge cycle, which is generally expressed as a percentage (%), which is related to the battery's material, process, charging and discharging conditions, etc. The discharge rate refers to the size of the current of the battery when discharged, which is generally expressed by C, and is related to the capacity, voltage, temperature, etc. of the battery.
Operating temperatureIt refers to the environment in which the battery can maintain normal charging and discharging and the temperature of the battery itself, which is generally expressed in degrees Celsius ( ), which is related to the material, structure, charging and discharging conditions of the battery.
Fourth, the classification of lithium batteries
There are many ways to classify lithium batteries, and the common ones are pressedShape, housing, cathode material, electrolyteetc.
By profileLithium batteries can be divided into cylindrical, square, flexible packaging, etc.
Press the shellLithium batteries can be divided into steel shells, aluminum shells, plastic shells, etc. According to the cathode material, lithium batteries can be divided into lithium cobalt oxide, nickel-cobalt-manganese (ternary) lithium, lithium iron phosphate, etc.
Press electrolytesLithium batteries can be divided into liquid lithium-ion batteries, polymer lithium-ion batteries, all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries, etc.
Different types of lithium batteries have their own characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, and are suitable for different applications.
Fifth, the application of lithium batteries
The application field of lithium battery is very wide, covering consumer goods, industrial, special, military and other fields.
InConsumer Goods,Lithium batteries are mainly used in electronic devices such as mobile phones, laptops, tablets, digital cameras, and power banks to provide portable power solutions.
In the industrial sectorLithium batteries are mainly used in electric vehicles, energy storage systems, medical equipment, communication equipment, exploration and mapping and other fields to provide efficient power solutions.
In the special fieldLithium batteries are mainly used in aerospace, ships, satellite navigation, high-energy physics and other fields to provide special power solutions.
Sixth, the development prospects of lithium batteries
With the progress of science and technology and the demand of the market, the performance of lithium batteries will continue to improve, the cost will continue to decrease, and the application will continue to expand.
The research directions of lithium batteries mainly include the following aspects: first, the development of new positive and negative electrode materials to improve the energy density and cycle life of batteries; the second is to develop new electrolytes to improve the safety and stability of batteries; the third is to develop a new type of battery structure to improve the charging and discharging efficiency and flexibility of the battery; The fourth is to develop a new type of battery management system to improve the intelligence and controllability of the battery.
The future of lithium batteries will be diversified, high-performance, low-cost, and intelligent, bringing more convenience and value to human life and work.
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