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China's supervision system has a long historical origin, and its evolution from ancient times to the present reflects the constant changes in China's social and political structure and governance concepts. The ancient supervision system began with the patriarchal system of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and then gradually developed in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, aiming to maintain the centralization of power. The Imperial Historical Observatory in the Qin and Han dynasties marked the formation of the supervision system, and it was further improved in the Sui and Tang dynasties. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Metropolitan Procuratorate became the highest supervisory organ and played an important role in maintaining the feudal ruling order.
* During this period, the supervision system was influenced by the West and certain reforms were carried out. Although the system of the Qing Dynasty was inherited in general, some new ideas and mechanisms were also introduced. However, due to social unrest and frequent regime changes, the reform of the monitoring system has not been fully implemented. Since the founding of the Communist Party of China in 1921, the leadership and philosophy of the Party have played a central role in the development of the supervision system. The development of the contemporary supervision system is not only a manifestation of the Party's ability to govern the country, but also an important symbol of the continuous improvement and development of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics.
The supervision system in contemporary China has gone through five stages of development, namely the establishment stage (1949-1954), the adjustment stage (1954-1959), the reconstruction stage (1978-1993), the deepening stage (1993-2017), and the reform stage (2017-present). After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the construction of the supervision system was influenced by the Soviet model, and it mainly relied on the party's discipline inspection system to carry out supervision. During this period, the supervision system had not yet formed an independent and perfect legal and institutional framework, and was more reflected in the part of the intra-party supervision mechanism. During this period, the role of the supervisory organs was mainly focused on maintaining the party's discipline and political security, and a power supervision system covering the whole society had not yet been formed.
Before the reform and opening up, the relationship between the supervisory organs and the audit institutions experienced ups and downs. Although China's supervision system has been developed to a certain extent, there are still many limitations. During this period, the main functions of the supervision system were still intra-party supervision and discipline inspection, and there was a lack of extensive and in-depth supervision of administrative power. The functioning of the monitoring system relies heavily on executive orders and the personal authority of the leadership rather than on the principle of the rule of law. Nevertheless, the supervision system during this period played a key role in maintaining the unity and discipline of the party, laying the foundation for subsequent reform and development.
The launch of reform and opening up in 1978 brought about profound changes in China's political and legal system, and the supervision system also ushered in an important period of transformation. Two basic main lines are highlighted, namely, "changes in the relationship between party and government organizations" and "continuous adjustment of supervision work and the tasks of the party and government centers." These two main lines have promoted the gradual absorption of administrative supervision work by the party's discipline inspection system, and further integrated into the new state supervision construction, realizing the combination of system management and emotional people. At the same time, emphasizing the positive and precise motivation of cadres is also an important feature in the process of change of the local supervision system, which provides useful experience for the development and reform of the local supervision system in the future.
The supervision system began to gradually shift from pure intra-party supervision to supervision of all public officials exercising public power. The independence and legal status of the supervisory organs have been gradually strengthened, marking an important shift from administrative supervision to rule of law supervision. It is of great significance to strengthen transparency, prevent and punish corruption, and promote the construction of the rule of law. Under the leadership of the party, supervision organs at all levels have actively innovated and steadily promoted the reform of the supervision stationing system, and have accumulated valuable experience. Through the five aspects of strengthening unified management, clarifying work functions, straightening out organizational relationships, strengthening supervision and management, and innovating work methods, it is of great practical significance and reference value for further improving the system and mechanism of stationing and supervising in the new period and implementing the strategy of comprehensively and strictly administering the party.
Since the beginning of this century, the functions and role of the supervisory organs have been further strengthened. Supervision organs are not only responsible for supervising administrative power, but also undertake the important responsibility of promoting the establishment of the rule of law and maintaining social fairness and justice. The legalization and standardization of the supervision system has become an important development trend in this period. In 2018, the establishment of the National Supervision Commission marked the transformation of the supervision body from an intra-party oversight body to an authoritative legal supervision body of the state. This reform has strengthened the independence and authority of the supervisory organs, and made the supervisory work more standardized and governed by law. At the same time, the newly promulgated Supervision Law provides a clear legal basis for the duties, organization and operation of supervision bodies, marking a significant improvement in the level of legalization of the supervision system.
Since the founding of the Communist Party of China, the leadership and philosophy of the Party have played a key role in the development of the supervision system. The historical evolution of the supervision system reflects the process of China's transformation from a traditional political system to a modern national governance system, and is also an important achievement of the path of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics. In the future, with the deepening of the modernization of national governance, the supervision system will continue to play a key role in the construction of the rule of law and the fight against corruption, and contribute to the construction of a more just and efficient governance system.