The academic community has carried out the chronology and periodization, type and distribution of archaeological culture in eastern Henan, and has made gratifying achievements, but there are still some differences on many issues, and there is no detailed discussion on the cultural appearance, distribution, periodization, local characteristics and relationship between the prehistoric Xia and Shang dynasties in this region. On the basis of previous research, this book uses the achievements of predecessors to conduct a comprehensive study of the archaeological culture of the prehistoric Xia and Shang dynasties in this region, and will conduct in-depth research on the basic appearance, chronology and periodization, type and distribution of archaeological culture, and the interrelationship between cultures.
On this basis, the archaeological data reflect the livelihood mode of residents and the historical and geographical environment information in detail, and summarize the human-land relationship in the area. Studying the livelihood of the inhabitants of each culture is helpful to understand the differences in the livelihood patterns of each culture and to have a detailed understanding of the evolution of livelihood patterns in the region. Through the study of ancient geographical environments, it helps us understand the environmental factors behind culture and the relationship between humans and the environment.
The eastern Henan region is located in the adjacent area of Hebei, Shandong and Henan provinces, and is a place of cultural exchange and conflict between various cultures. The ancient culture of the Central Plains is the top priority of ancient Chinese culture, and its important position and role in the process of ancient Chinese civilization are beyond doubt. The ancient culture of Haidai area is an important part of ancient Chinese culture, and its role in the process of ancient Chinese civilization is also very prominent. The study of the archaeological culture in this region is of great significance for understanding the cultural exchanges between the Central Plains and Haidai regions, and is of great significance for the reasons for intercultural exchanges and integration. The study of the exchange and integration between the two cultures is of direct help to the study of the relationship between the ethnic groups that created and used these cultures, provides tangible evidence for understanding the evolution of the ethnic relations between the two places, and lays a solid foundation for further research on the process of ancient Chinese civilization. The study of the appearance, periodization, age, characteristics and distribution area of Erlitou culture and Yueshi culture in this area is helpful to understand the sphere of influence of the Xia Dynasty and the relationship between the residents of Yueshi culture and the Xia Dynasty. Some documents record that the merchants originated in the eastern region of Henan, and some scholars support this view from an archaeological point of view. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of the archaeological culture in the area during the Xia and Shang dynasties is of great help to the study of the origin of the Shang culture. According to the literature, the relationship between the Shang Dynasty and Dongyi deteriorated in the middle and late periods, and events such as "Zhongding Var Lanyi" and "Zhengren Fang" occurred, which is of great significance for understanding this period of history.
It is of positive significance for the study of the evolution of social nature and the process of human civilization, which can clearly understand the social changes and development process of the prehistoric Xia and Shang periods in this region, provide a reference for the study of the social process of the prehistoric Xia and Shang periods in other regions of China, and have important academic value for the study of social development, civilization origin and development and national origin and development in the prehistoric Xia and Shang periods. The study of the geographical environment of this region in the prehistoric Xia and Shang dynasties is helpful for the study of human adaptation, utilization and transformation of the environment.
On the basis of maximizing the use of archaeological data, this book will mainly use the three methods of archaeological stratigraphy, typology and cultural factor analysis, combined with the achievements of environmental archaeology, zooarchaeology, botanical archaeology and other disciplines, and on the basis of previous research, conduct a comprehensive study on the archaeological cultural outlook, the relationship between various cultures, and the livelihood mode of residents in the prehistoric Xia and Shang dynasties in eastern Henan, and find out the human and natural causes of the above problems in combination with the documentary records and historical and geographical achievements.
Archaeological stratigraphy and typology are both one of the basic methods of archaeology. Stratigraphy mainly determines the relative age between strata and relics through the overlapping and breaking relationship between stratigraphic accumulation and relics, determines the early and late relationship between different cultures through typical stratigraphic accumulation, and can also determine the different stages of development of a certain culture through typical stratigraphic accumulation. Typology is to explore the logical development sequence, change law and interrelationship of archaeological remains by comparing their morphological patterns. The method of stratigraphy can be used to determine the relative chronological relationship of the cultural layer, the relics and the relics existing in them, but in order to solve the specific chronological problems of archaeological remains and the law of their development and change, it is necessary to use the method of typology, and stratigraphy can provide conclusive stratigraphic proof for the study of typology, and the two complement each other, and the two methods should be combined with each other.
Cultural factor analysis refers to the analysis of the cultural constituent factors of archaeology. To carry out the analysis of cultural factors, it is necessary to characterize the different cultural factors contained in them, that is, to determine the cultural system to which these different cultural factors originally belong; It is also necessary to introduce the concept of quantity, and do quantitative statistics and comparison, that is, quantitative analysis, so as to distinguish the priority of different cultural factors and correctly determine the nature of the archaeological culture. The analysis of cultural factors is a very important means to study the archaeological and cultural relations in eastern Henan. In the process of research, this book will use the analysis of cultural factors to analyze and research, and further make further research on the nature of the research object.
Environmental archaeology is a discipline that studies the environmental characteristics and evolution laws of ancient human beings by using the theoretical methods and techniques of environmental science to further clarify the internal relationship between the environment and human beings and their cultural characteristics, social structure, economic form, and the development and succession of livelihood modes, and is a science that studies the formation law of human culture. This discipline focuses on the historical relationship between man and the natural world, both the dependence of man on the natural world and the influence of man on the natural world. It is a sub-discipline of archaeology, and it is a new marginal discipline arising from the intersection and penetration of natural sciences and social sciences. The object of research is the accumulation of human culture, relics, relics and related natural sediments, looking for information about its paleoenvironment, and its relationship with the development of human culture. This book is mainly based on the research results of environmental archaeology, ** the environmental information of the prehistoric Xia and Shang periods in the region, and further studies the relationship between the environment and human society in the region.
Zooarchaeology refers to the discipline of analyzing and studying the animal remains of the soil of archaeological sites. His research goals include the reconstruction of ancient environments, the study of human behavior, the study of the relationship between humans and the environment, and between humans and other animal groups, with the ultimate goal of reconstructing ancient societies from the perspective of animal remains. This book mainly uses the research results of zooarchaeology to study the human behavior and environmental conditions related to the prehistoric Xia and Shang periods in the region.
Plant archaeology is a branch of archaeology that specializes in the study of archaeological excavations of plant remains. The purpose is to study the history of ancient human culture, restore the ancient human way of life, and explain the development and process of human culture. This book mainly uses the research results of plant archaeology to study the relationship between human beings and plants in production and life.
The research problem should comprehensively use various archaeological methods, and only by skillfully combining them can the research be deepened. First of all, it is necessary to discover the cultural relics of the prehistoric Xia and Shang dynasties in this area, and then analyze the distribution and type, chronology and stage of each culture, and analyze its cultural nature. The analysis of cultural nature, distribution and typology is inseparable from the analysis of cultural factors, as well as stratigraphy and typology. Chronological research is the basis of archaeological research, and it is necessary to sort out the chronological correspondence of several cultures. Chronological research should not only refer to relevant dating data such as carbon 14 dating, but also pay attention to the establishment of archaeological cultural sequences. The establishment of archaeological cultural sequences is based on stratigraphy and typology.
Discussing the ethnic genres of the archaeological culture of the prehistoric Xia and Shang dynasties in this region must be closely integrated with the documentary records, that is, what Mr. Wang Guowei called the "double evidence method", which was later extended to the "multiple evidence method", and we will strive to find multidisciplinary and multi-angle support. Although there are few documents about the prehistoric Xia and Shang periods, they also provide important clues, and if they can be well combined with archaeological materials, they can maximize the understanding of the history of that time.
The study of the interrelationship of archaeological cultures requires the use of cultural factor analysis on the basis of stratigraphy and typology to analyze the cultural factors existing in each culture. In addition to stratigraphy and typology, the graduate program will also use the methods and results of environmental archaeology, botanical archaeology, and zooarchaeology. The study of the ancient environment also requires the use of environmental archaeology, botanical archaeology, zooarchaeology and other methods and results, and further research on the relationship between man and land requires the comprehensive application of the above archaeological methods.
The above methods are all important research methods in archaeology, and each method is closely related to each other, and only by using multiple methods comprehensively and reasonably can we reveal historical problems more comprehensively.
Social changes in the prehistoric Xia Shang in eastern Henan
Written by Zhao Junjie.
isbn：9787522718712
June 2023.
Pricing: 10800 yuan.
Introduction
This book reviews the nature of archaeological cultural relics in Henan, Lu, Suzhou and Anhui regions, and the stages and evolution processes of the interrelationship between cultures, and puts forward the views of five stages of cultural development: cultural initialization, cultural formation, cultural development, cultural confrontation and cultural stability. For the first time, the livelihood and employment methods of the residents in this area were studied and their social processes were observed, and data on agriculture, animal husbandry, diet, construction, pottery making, burial customs and sacrifices were collected to learn the social processes of the prehistoric Xia and Shang periods. This area is the intersection of the cultures of the Huaxia Ethnic Group and the Dongyi Ethnic Group, and has a unique archaeological cultural appearance and development sequence. Through the study of the archaeological culture and social processes of the prehistoric Xia and Shang periods in this region, we can clearly understand the social changes and development process of the prehistoric Xia and Shang periods in this region, provide a reference for the study of the social processes of the prehistoric Xia and Shang periods in other parts of China, and have important academic value for the study of social development, civilization origin and development, and national origin and development in the prehistoric Xia and Shang periods.
About the Author
Zhao Junjie, born in April 1985, male, from Zhecheng, Henan Province, Ph.D. in archaeology and museology, associate professor and master's supervisor of the School of History, Culture and Museums of Anyang Normal University. Mainly engaged in the archaeological research of Xia, Shang and Zhou, he has participated in field investigation, excavation, indoor sorting and report writing for more than ten times, proficient in the basic skills and methods of field archaeology, and is good at field archaeological excavation and indoor finishing work. He has presided over 2 national social science projects and 1 provincial social science planning project. His representative works include "Minquan Niumugang and Archaeology in Eastern Henan", "Weapons in Chinese Characters", "Excavation Briefing of Niumugang Ruins in Minquan County, Henan", "Discussion on the Age of the Theft of the Tomb in Yinxu Wangling District", etc.