It turned out that Hungary's road to socialism was not smooth, and after the Rose Revolution in the autumn of 1919, the Soviet Republic was established, but it fell into fascist rule half a year later.
It was not until the liberation of the Soviet Red Army in 1945 that Hungary once again embarked on the path of socialism and entered the period of the People's Republic.
After World War II, Hungary, under the influence of the Soviet Union, established a country that embarked on the path of socialism, like many other countries in Central Europe at that time. In the later period, the Hungarian People's Republic also became a vassal of the Soviet Union.
However, with the upheavals in Eastern Europe and the collapse of the Soviet Union, Hungary was able to enter a new era.
The course of the Hungarian path to socialism was not as negative as it was believed, but laid the foundation for the recovery and development of the Hungarian state. During this phase, the Hungarian People's Republic became an integral part of the country's history.
Learn more about the founding of the Hungarian People's Republic and its national development, as well as how it opposed the Soviet Union and eventually achieved independence. In this episode, we will focus on Hungary's trajectory from 1944 to 1989, focusing on its experiences and changes during World War II.
In the last issue, we covered the fascist ** rule of Hungarian Horti, and Hungary's forced entry into the chariot of Nazi Germany as a member of the fascist Axis.
For the benefit of his country, Horthy sought an armistice with the Allies and the Soviet Union, while fighting hard to resist Nazi Germany's control. However, his actions were discovered by Hitler, which eventually led to his captivity.
In 1944, Nazi Germany occupied and imprisoned Horthy and took control of Hungary. However, the Soviet Red Army continued to advance westward on the Eastern Front, liberating most of Central Europe, including Hungary.
Thanks to the joint efforts of the Soviet army and the Hungarian people, in April 1945, the entire territory of Hungary was liberated.
At the end of 1944, the Hungarian Provisional Nation** was formed, which, together with the Soviet Army, announced the abolition of the imperial system and the establishment of the Hungarian Republic, the Second Hungarian Republic, after the liberation of Hungary.
Thus, from December 1944 to February 1946, Hungary experienced a period of Soviet occupation. From 1946 to August 1949, the period was under the rule of the Second Hungarian Republic.
The establishment of the Second Hungarian Republic marked the end of the feudal monarchy, and the Hungarian People's Republic and the Third Republic (now Hungary) never returned to monarchy.
It was also an important turning point in the recovery of the Hungarian state and nation from the two world wars, and although the post-war Cold War period needs to be considered separately, from a historical point of view, Hungary has embarked on the path of modernization.
Although the establishment of the Second Hungarian Republic brought new hope to Hungary, the fate of Hungary was not stabilized by this. During the Hungarian People's Republic, Hungary experienced a love-hate relationship with the Soviet Union.
During this period, the Hungarian state apparatus was rebuilt and a new state and order began to be planned. In June 1948, the Hungarian Communist Party and the Social Democratic Party merged to form the Hungarian Working People's Party, which became the largest party in Hungary at that time, with more than 1 million members.
In January 1949, the world situation changed dramatically, and Hungary announced its membership in the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, and in May 1955, it joined the Warsaw Pact.
On August 20, 1949, the historic moment came, the Hungarian National Assembly adopted the Constitution, declaring Hungary a country of working people and all power belongs to the people, marking the official establishment of the Hungarian People's Republic!
The establishment of the Hungarian People's Republic marked the beginning of a new historical stage for the Hungarian state. The establishment of a new flag, a national emblem and a national day, as well as the birth of the national anthem "God bless the Hungarians", reflect the rebirth and transformation of the Hungarian state.
Although the names of the Hungarian People's Republic and the Second Hungarian Republic are different, there is a direct succession between the two, and the former is reconstituted on the basis of the latter.
Hungary launched its first "three-year plan" to restore the national economy in 1947, showing vigor and vitality as a direct reflection of its economic development.
In 1949, Hungary completed its "three-year plan" seven months ahead of schedule, industrial production increased by 28% compared to the pre-war period, and agricultural production returned to pre-war levels.
The people's lives improved, and the new Hungarian state was gradually consolidated with agricultural land reform, nationalization campaigns, parliamentary elections and the promulgation of a constitution.
However, during the reign of Rákosi Matthias from 1949 to 1956, the Hungarian political and economic system gradually went astray, which eventually had a serious impact on the political and economic life of the country as a whole.
During the period of socialist transformation in Hungary, Matthias politically deviated from Lenin's "principles of socialist democracy", practiced "power" politics and expanded the class struggle, which led to the destruction of socialist democracy and the rule of law.
From 1949 to 1956, the evolution of the Hungarian flag was accompanied by the country's economic explorations and attempts. In the process of learning from the experience of the Soviet Union, Hungary blindly adopted the policy of high accumulation, high indicators, high investment and priority development of heavy industry, as well as a highly centralized economic management model.
However, such an attempt ultimately led to huge losses. In 1956, Hungary broke out famously"Hungarian events", the Hungarian October Incident, which culminated in Nagy Imre as the new prime minister.
After the events in Hungary, Nagy Imre was elected as the new prime minister. He was adamantly opposed to the incident and publicly declared it a counter-revolutionary incident. In addition, he promised to disband the State Security Service, withdraw Soviet troops, and proceed with the formation of a new ** in order to achieve the revival and prosperity of the country.
Nagy Imre decided to end the four-party coalition model and announced Hungary's withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact a month later, advocating a policy of neutrality and calling for the UN to intervene (apparently, Nagy Imre was manipulated by European and American countries).
After this, on October 31, 1956, the six-member Presidium of the Hungarian Working People, chaired by Kadar Janos, decided to dissolve the Hungarian Working People's Party and reorganize the new Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party.
On November 4, 1956, the Hungarian Workers' and Peasants' Revolution** was formally established with Kadar Janos as Prime Minister. The new ** announced a request for the assistance of the units of the Soviet Red Army in restoring order in the country.
Against this background, Soviet troops again entered Budapest in order to maintain security and stability on the ground.
In 1956, Kadar Janos became Prime Minister of the Hungarian Workers' and Peasants' Revolution**, inaugurating his reign and the period of reform in Hungary from 1956 to 1967.
After that, in 1968-1987, Hungary once again entered a new round of reforms, both of which yielded remarkable results. For example, by 1985, Hungarian industry and construction accounted for 58% of national income, while agriculture accounted for only 18% (before the war, Hungary was an absolute agrarian country).
Between 1950 and 1990, the Hungarian flag was changed, but this did not affect the prosperity of the Hungarian economy. According to statistics, the national income of the whole country has increased by 4 times, and the industrial output value has increased by 83 times, the value of agricultural output also increased by 12 times.
In addition, Hungary's real income per capita increased by 26 times, per capita real consumption also increased by 24 times. By 1985, Hungary's per capita grain production and meat production ranked second in Europe and first among the countries of the Economic Mutual Exchange Association, which fully proved Hungary's strength and achievements in economic development.
While Hungary was gaining momentum, an unexpected event changed its fate. In October 1989, the Hungarian People's Republic passed a constitutional amendment abolishing the presidium of the Republic and implementing the ** system, establishing a parliamentary democracy and a market economy, which marked the arrival of a period of drastic changes in Eastern Europe.
On 23 October 1989, the Hungarian People's Republic underwent a drastic change, with the principle of separation of powers embodied in the State apparatus and no longer led by a Marxist-Leninist party.
This change marked a new chapter in the history of Hungary, which eventually evolved into today's Hungarian (Third) Republic, a completely new country.
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