In some costume dramas, we can often see that when the emperor punishes **, he will sit together at every turn, and the more famous ones are"Yi Three Clans", "Melon Man Copy", "Zhu Nine Clans".
Even in the Ming Dynasty, there was a "Zhu Shi clan".For example, Fang Xiaoru, who was finally punished for provoking the emperor, only needed to find the "Ten Clans" and carry out the order.
However, if some cases occur within the family, or rather, within the familyFor example, in the case of a crime involving relatives, the originally simple situation will be much more complicated.
This is because the ** of some dynasties, when convicting, also need to be referred to".Five suitsIdentify relativesand as a basis for the conviction of the offenderThis determines whether the offender commits a crime against his relatives and thus imposes different sentences.
So, what are the "five suits"? Why is it used to identify relatives?
The Book of Books, also known as the Book of Books, is one of the five classics of ancient Confucianism"Yu Gong".In the article,For the first time, the "five suits" appeared.
Yu Gong mainly talks about the geographical situation, including the names of mountains and rivers, the advantages and disadvantages of soil, the distribution of products, the merits of Dayu, and the "five services" system, and introduces this system in detail.
The system of local administration as we know it todayFrom large to small, they are provinces, cities, districts and counties, towns, and villages, and so on.
ButThe "Five Suits" are based on the distance from the imperial capital, and different regional management methods are implementedIt is stipulated that it is not 500 miles away from the capital, as a place"Dianfu".
When paying taxes within a hundred miles of the national capital, it is necessary to uproot the crops and hand them over, and within 200 miles, it is enough to hand over the ears.
A little farther away, you will reach a place of three hundred miles, and the people there will work even harder, and they need to be helpedRaw grainI pay it up, and I am inWhen it comes to 400 miles, it is necessary to pay for the grain that has been peeled, also known as refined grain.
After that, the place within a range of 500 miles outside Dianfu was used as a marquis, and leftHou FuA range of 100 li will send the ** who is in charge of the king's affairs, 200 li is a small country with people, and 300 li is the territory of various princes, who are generally closer to the emperor.
In the same wayHou FuThe place outside 500 li is used as Suifu, the inner 300 li is set up**, and the outer 200 li is responsible for defending the emperor, and under the influence of this, their rights are relatively large and the degree of autonomy is higher.
Further out, there are the obedience and desert clothing, in which the people who want to serve the outside 200 li can move freely, and the inner 300 li is to change the customs, although the people here still need to pay regular tribute, but the degree of autonomy will be higher.
The three hundred miles inside the desert are different in customs and education, and they need to be governed according to local customs, while the people in the outer two hundred miles have no fixed residence, and there is no need to pay tribute.
After that, the five costumes appeared at the funerals of the ancients, as a reference for what clothes should be worn and how much time should be spent on filial piety, and as a ruling model, the five costumes are like a concentric circle, extending outward layer by layer.
Five-service diagram. At this time, the five suits have become a measure of the distance of the blood relationship between relatives, and the relatives in the five suits are generally better and closer, so they cannot get married, otherwise they are close relatives to marry.
There is no blood relationship outside of Wufu, but at the same time, there is no kinship, and the two can get married.
According to the distance of the relationship within the five suits, at the time of mourning,It is also divided into chopping decay, Qi decay, great work, small work, and hemp.
When using it, judging what kind of clothing should be used based on the distance between the deceased person and oneself is an important part of the funeral ceremony in the ancient social etiquette system.
In"Etiquette and Mourning Clothes".is documented,It is for the father, or for his eldest son, for his wife, husband, for the son of heaven, and for the kingAt the funeral, it is necessary to wear the coarsest linen cloth, without hemp, for up to three years, which is the longest.
The filial piety rod used varies depending on the person's death, using a filial piety stick made of paulownia wood when the mother dies, and using a filial piety stick made of bamboo when the father dies.
The shortest time isHempAll the mourning for the relatives of the female line are made of linen, including for the mother, nephew, uncle, husband's aunt, son-in-law, etc., and the mourning clothes are made of relatively fine linen.
The time is only 3 months, which is relatively short** It was because a servant died at home, and the owner of the family was very sad, so he was troubled for 3 months.
Second only toDecayYesQi decayAlthough the clothes are also made of coarse cloth, the clothes need to be sewn up, and straw sandals must be worn, and the length of mourning time variesThere will be a minimum of 3 months and a maximum of 3 years of mourning time depending on the distance between relatives.
After the death of the father, the mother or stepmother dies, and the mourning needs to be served for 3 years, if the monarch has lost the territory and lives in another countryIf the king of the country where he lives dies, he will have to mourn for three years, just like the common people.
Great workIt is to mourn those who are younger than themselves in terms of generation, such as minor children, who need to wear clothes made of coarse cloth, and only wear this one garment until the end of the funeral.
This will be based on the age of the deceased, whether it is named or not, and more detailed judgments will be made about the mourning time, and even the details of the mourning clothes worn on the body.
And finallySmall work, for the married siblings, daughters, aunts, etc., to mourn, they need to wear mourning clothes made of cooked linen.
Although this five-dress mourning system is almost invisible nowadays, it can still be seen in many places during the funeralPeople of different statuses need to attend the funeral at different times, and the etiquette that needs to be carried out is different.
For example, in some areas of Henan, if it is an elderly woman who dies, then herThe eldest male son needs to wear a lot of things, his mother's familyPeople do not stay at the funeral site all the time, and only when they are at a more critical stage, they will wear filial piety clothes.
In"Li".In addition, the five suits are also used for:"Law"., will be based on the funeralFive suitsto determine whether the kinship between the two criminals is far or near, and then determine the severity of the crimeThe closer the relationship, the closer the relationship, the heavier the punishmentEven when it appeared:
In cases where the system is critical, the system must be determined first, and it can be punished.During the Qing DynastyThere is a case:
Wang Chongyi has no heirs, and the concubine Wang Zhao only has one daughter, so he takes his nephew Wang Bi and frugality. Bijian fell and injured Wang Zhao and died.There are a total of 3 people in the case, Wang Chongyi, and his concubineWang Zhao,and his nephewsWang Bijian, the general plot of the case is very clear, if it is placed today, forThere should be no objection to Wang Bijian's punishment.
However, the Qing Dynasty attached great importance to the relationship between the five services, and thus there is a loophole that is not about in the Qing LawAnd the king of the prince will be thrifty, andand his father's concubinebetweenFive-service relationship
If pressedThe son beats to death the mother who has children, need to "chop", if followedThe concubine of the elder during the beating period,The need to be hanged is too much of a differenceAs a result, the case has not been decided.
In the end, the Criminal Department handed over the matter of determining the uniform system to the Ministry of RitesAfter consideration, the Ministry of Rites finally formulated the service as a small meritWang Bijian was therefore convicted of beating his grandmother to death and was sentencedHanging.
This principle of "quasi-five obedience to punish crimes" first appeared"Jin Law".Among them, this was later inherited in the laws of the Tang Dynasty"Five service system crimes".tradition, and put itClearly included in the law, began to develop rapidly.
Five suitsAs a traditional culture of our country, it has a history of more than 2,000 years in our country, although this word, and the culture behind it, are rarely known today, but the family ethics brought by it still have unique value and significance today.