Peasant Revolt - Two Jins
After the Western Jin Dynasty destroyed the Wu State and unified the Three Kingdoms, a large number of nomads moved inward, due to the intensification of internal contradictions within the royal family during the Western Jin Dynasty, the Eight Kings Rebellion broke out, resulting in the Western Jin Dynasty wars and civil strife, a large number of people were displaced and became homeless, and peasant uprisings continued to break out.
The peasant uprisings of the Western Jin Dynasty were different from those of the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, most of them were uprisings of displaced people, including uprisings of ethnic minorities and Han refugees.
Western Jin Dynasty
1. The Huns Hao San revolted
In 294 AD, shortly after the end of the first phase of the Rebellion of the Eight Kings of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Huns Hao San rebelled against the Jin Dynasty in the Shangdang area of Hedong and killed the officials of the Western Jin Dynasty, but Hao San surrendered to the Western Jin Dynasty soon after, but was soon killed by Feng Yiduwei.
Two years later, Hao San's brother Hao Duyuan united with Ma Lanqiang, Lu Shuihu and other ethnic minorities in the Longyou area again to raise troops against the Jin, the momentum was huge, everyone jointly elected Qi Wannian as the commander, Qi Wannian then called the emperor, with hundreds of thousands of troops, surrounded Jingyang, shocked Guanzhong.
In the first month of 297 AD, the Western Jin Dynasty sent Sima Wei, the king of Liang, and Zhou to lead troops to attack, but they were defeated by Qi Wannian and Zhou was killed in battle.
In 298 AD, the Western Jin Dynasty sent Meng Guan, the general of Zuoji, to lead his troops to attack Qi Wannian and defeat Qi Wannian repeatedly.
In the first month of 299 AD, Meng Guan defeated Qi Wannian in Zhongting and killed Qi Wannian, and the Hun uprising of Qi Wannian failed.
2. The uprising of the exiles in Litba
After the failure of the Qi Wannian uprising, the people of the Longyou region fled to Shu, including the Badi led by the Li Brothers, the leaders of the Ba Yi.
After Li Teh and his Ba Di people came to Shu, they asked the Western Jin Dynasty court to save food and life in Bashu, but Zhao Diao, the original Yizhou assassin, was ambitious and wanted to take the opportunity to secede the Shu land, and Li Te's Bashu refugees were the living forces that Zhao Diao wanted to use, so Zhao Diao united with Li Te's Ba Di people to kill the new Yizhou Thorn Shi Geng Teng.
Later, Zhao Diao was suspicious of the Li Teh brothers, so the Li Teh brothers led troops to garrison Mianzhu and broke with Zhao Diao.
In 301 AD, Li Teh led his Ba Di exiles to attack Shudi, and Zhao Di fled in a hurry and was killed by his subordinates.
But then the new Yizhou Thorn Shi Luo Shang was greedy, lacked decisiveness, and did not get along well with the Ba Yi people of Lit.
The Western Jin Dynasty was in the second stage of the Eight Kings Rebellion, and the royal family members were fighting each other, and they had no intention of paying attention to the land of Bashu, but they just ordered Qin and Yongzhou to recall all the Badi people who flowed into Yizhou.
Luo Shang had no political vision, and was bent on urging Li Te's Bayi Exile Group, which had already begun to live in Bashu, to return to Qinyong, and finally forced the Bayi Exiles to rebel.
In October, Li Teh led the revolt of the exiles of Chen Bayi and defeated Luo Shang's attacks several times.
The exiles of Bashu elected Li Teh as the leader, and the exile army marched to Chengdu and broke through the Shaocheng of Chengdu, and Luo Shang could only hold on to Taicheng.
In the first month of 303 AD, Luo Shang colluded with the powerful of Zhuwu Fort in Shuzhong to raid the exile army, and Li Teh was killed in battle.
However, the Wandering People's Army did not fall apart, and under the leadership of Li Te's younger brothers Li Liu and Li Xiong, they continued to confront Luo Shang.
In October, Li Xiong led his troops to storm Chengdu, Luo Shang fled, and Li Xiong's exile army occupied Chengdu.
In October 304 AD, Li Xiong was called the king of Chengdu in Chengdu, and two years later he ascended the throne as the emperor, and the country was called Chenghan.
Li Xiong's Ba Yi Rebellion, although not well-known in history, and the scale is not huge, but it was a success, the first successful case of peasant uprising in Chinese history, and also established a feudal regime, the Han State.
The Cheng Han Kingdom has been tenaciously existing in Shu for forty-four years, and the territory area is about the same as that of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period, until 947 AD, when it was destroyed by the Eastern Jin Dynasty general Huan Wen.
3. Jingzhou Zhangchang displaced people uprising
In 303 AD, in order to suppress Li Xiong's uprising of the Bayi exiles, the Western Jin Dynasty levied a large number of strong men in Jingzhou and went to Yizhou to fight, which caused a strong resistance from the local people in Jingzhou.
Zhang Chang, the barbarian leader who had served as a county official, took the opportunity to lead thousands of his men to occupy the mountain in Anlu Shiyan Mountain, recruiting troops and horses, accumulating strength, and soon the displaced people in Jingzhou and the civilians who escaped labor defected to Zhang Chang.
Jiangxia Taishou Gongqin repeatedly crusaded against Zhang Chang, but was defeated by Zhang Chang, and Sima Xin, the king of Xinye, sent the cavalry governor Jin Man to attack Zhang Chang, and was also defeated by Zhang Chang.
Zhang Chang's team increased in strength, quickly occupied Jiangxia, and began to have the ambition to dominate the world.
He found a petty official, Qiu Shen, changed his name to Liu Ni, called him a descendant of the Han Dynasty, respected as the Son of Heaven, and called himself Xiangguo, and built a palace in Shiyan Mountain and set up the emperor's etiquette.
Zhang Chang spread rumors among the people, saying that the Jin army would send troops to kill all the people in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, and the people were so frightened that they took the initiative to defect to Zhang Chang, and Zhang Chang's team soon expanded to more than 30,000 people, with great momentum.
Subsequently, Zhang Chang divided his troops and attacked Wuchang (now Ezhou, Hubei), Changsha, Xiangdong (county Zhiyu County, now Hengyang City, Hunan), and Lingling in the south; attacking Yiyang (now Huangchuanxi, Henan) in the east; Beikewan (now Nanyang City, Henan) and Xiangyang turned the Jingxiang area upside down!
However, Zhang Chang did not become the second Li Xiong after all, because the Jingxiang area was too close to the ruling center of the Western Jin Dynasty, and the Western Jin Dynasty court would not tolerate Zhang Chang's rebellion despite the internal chaos.
In July 303, Zhang Chang's team was defeated by Tao Kan, a famous general of the Jin Dynasty, who killed tens of thousands of Zhang Chang's army, and Zhang Chang's good fortune came to an end.
In August 304, the Jin army defeated Zhang Chang's army again, captured Zhang Chang alive, and sent the Beijing division to be beheaded, and the uprising of the exiles in Jingzhou of Zhangchang failed.
4. The king of Yongzhou rebelled like a homeless people
In September 310 AD, some of the displaced people in the Yongzhou area moved to the Wancheng area of Nanyang to eat, but the Western Jin Dynasty court ordered these Yongzhou displaced people to return to their original hometowns, which was strongly resisted by the displaced people.
At this time, Wang Ru, a Jingzhao person, was also a careerist, so he took the opportunity to lead the displaced people to rebel again, and the Nan'an people Pang Ding, Feng Yi Yan Wei, and Jingzhao Hou Tuo responded with 40,000 or 50,000 troops in an instant.
Wang Ru's Yongzhou Liumin Army, in Hanshui, Chushui, Xiangyang, Nanyang area repeatedly defeated the Jin army, the momentum is huge, Wang Ru called himself a general, the leader, Yongerzhou pastor.
At this time, the Western Jin Dynasty, although the Eight Kings Rebellion was over, the Huns Liu Yuan had already entered the Central Plains, established the Han Zhao State, and captured Luoyang, and the destruction of the Western Jin Dynasty was about to enter the countdown, and there was no ability to deal with Wang Ru at all.
Wang Ru's biggest enemy was no longer the Western Jin army, but the Xiongnu Han and Zhao states.
Shi Le, the general of Han Zhao, soon came to Wancheng, but Wang Ru secretly befriended Shi Le, and used Shi Le to deal with his internal political rival Hou Tuo.
In the end, Shi Le killed Hou Tuo, and Wang Ru led his troops south to attack Xiangyang.
In 312 AD, Wang Ru's army was short of food, there was a famine, his generals were disheartened, and they began to surrender to the Jin Dynasty.
Three years later, Wang Ru was killed by Wang Dun.
5. The Shu people Du Tao rebelled
During the Yongjia period of the Western Jin Dynasty, due to the continuous wars in Bashu for many years, a large number of Bashu refugees entered Xiangzhou (now Hunan), but Xun Wan, the Xiangzhou assassin of the Western Jin Dynasty, hated these refugees very much, and even wanted to kill these refugees for the crime of rebellion.
In 311 A.D., 40,000 or 50,000 Bashu exiles were forced to rebel, and they jointly elected Du Tao, a well-known and prestigious Shu man in the army, as the leader.
In April, the rebel army captured Changsha, Xun Wei fled from Changsha in a hurry, ready to run to Guangzhou, but was captured by Du Tao's army.
Changsha was occupied, and the Western Jin Dynasty court was shocked, and hurriedly led troops to suppress Guo Ne in Guangzhou and Wang Cheng in Jingzhou.
But Du Tao was a bit like Song Jiang, and the ultimate goal of the rebellion was to be recruited by the imperial court, so after defeating the attack of Wang Cheng, the assassin of Jingzhou, he immediately surrendered to the general Shanjian of Zhengnan, but Shanjian soon died of illness, and this surrender was unsuccessful.
Since the surrender was unsuccessful, then let's fight, Du Tao's Bashu exile army was stronger than the previous Zhang Chang and Wang Ru, and soon defeated Guo Ne and Wang Cheng again, occupying Lingling, Guiyang, Wuchang, and almost the entire Hunan.
The demise of the Western Jin Dynasty was imminent, and he had no time to take care of Du Tao, but Sima Rui, the king of Langya, who wanted to establish his own independent kingdom in Jiangnan, regarded Du Tao as his number one enemy.
The place south of the Yangtze River is so big, Bashu has been occupied by Li Xiong, if Hunan and Hubei are occupied by Du Tao again, then Sima Rui's territory will be greatly reduced.
Sima Rui then ordered his cronies Wang Dun, Tao Kan and others to lead an army of 100,000 to conquer Du Tao, under the siege of Sima Rui's army, Du Tao finally couldn't bear it, and was repeatedly defeated, and there was a danger of annihilation.
Du Tao then wrote to Sima Rui, asking for surrender, and Sima Rui appointed Du Tao as the supervisor of Badong, ostensibly agreeing to Du Tao's surrender, but Sima Rui's men were very shameless and continued to lead troops to storm Du Tao's troops.
At this time, Du Tao knew that the imperial court would not sincerely accept surrender, so he abandoned all thoughts of surrender and fought to the death with the Jin Dynasty army.
In August 315, Du Tao was defeated by Tao Kan and died on the way to escape, and the uprising of the Bashu exiles failed.
This large wave of exile uprisings in the Western Jin Dynasty all occurred on the eve of the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty, except for the success of Li Xiong's uprising, all the rest failed, but it shook the ruling foundation of the Western Jin Dynasty!
The fall of the Western Jin Dynasty, in addition to the rebellion of the Eight Kings and the invasion of ethnic minorities such as the Xiongnu, the large-scale uprising of displaced people was also an important reason.
Eastern Jin Dynasty
1. Sun Enlu Xun uprising
Sun En is the Langya Sun family, the family believes in the Five Dou Rice Sect, that is, Zhang Lu's religion, his uncle Sun Tai is the head of the Five Dou Rice Sect, in 397 Yanzhou Assassin Wang Gong rebelled against Sima Yuanxian, Sun Tai raised troops in response, the matter was exposed and killed, and Sun En took advantage of the chaos to flee into the Zhoushan Islands dormant.
In the last years of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the local warlords were divided, and the imperial court could only levy heavy taxes on the Sanwu region, and the people were miserable, in 399 AD, the Eastern Jin Dynasty court levied the "free slaves as guests" (referring to themselves or their fathers and ancestors are slaves, but they have been exempted from being tenants) as soldiers, but they were opposed by these people, and the Jiangdong family group was also very dissatisfied with the practices of the imperial court, and Sun En lit the fuse of ** with his own hands.
He took more than 100 henchmen to land on the island and attack Shangyu, Huiji, Wuxing and other places in Zhejiang.
The Eastern Jin Dynasty sent the guard general Xie Yan and the famous general Liu Jiaozhi of the Beifu to lead the Beifu soldiers to suppress it, and Sun En saw that the situation was not good, so he led 200,000 men and women to retreat to Zhouzhoushan Island and lay dormant again.
In May 400 AD, Sun En led his troops to land again from the northeast of Ningbo, attacked Yuyao and Shangyu, and fought a battle in Xingpu (now Shaoxing North, Zhejiang), and defeated the officers and soldiers, killing Xie Yan and his two sons, but with the increase of troops in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Sun En fled back to the island.
In February 401 AD, Sun En landed for the third time, conquered Huduli (now Shanghai), and went up the river to attack Dantu, shocking the capital of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
The Eastern Jin Dynasty ordered the general Liu Yu to send troops, and repeatedly defeated Sun En, who suffered heavy losses and fled to the island again.
In March 402, Sun En landed for the fourth and last time, but was defeated by Liu Yu, and Sun En threw himself into the sea and died.
But the rebel army did not break up, and the remnants of Sun En elected Sun En's brother-in-law Lu Xun as their leader to continue the struggle.
In 403 AD, Lu Xun and Liu Yu fought in Dongyang and Yongjia, and suffered repeated defeats.
In October 404 AD, Lu Xun led his troops to break through Guangzhou, proclaimed himself General Pingnan, and later accepted the canonization of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and served as the general of Zhenglu, the assassin of Guangzhou, and the general of Pingyue Zhonglang.
However, Lu Xun obviously did not fully trust the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and he sent his brother-in-law Xu Daofu to capture Shixing and other places, cut wood and build ships, and prepared for the Northern Expedition.
But after a comfortable and comfortable life in Guangzhou, Lu Xun didn't want to go to the Northern Expedition anymore, but at the insistence of Xu Daofu and others, Lu Xun finally agreed to the Northern Expedition.
In February 410 AD, when Liu Yu sent troops to attack Nanyan and the defense of Healthy City was empty, Lu Xun and Dao Fu troops divided into two routes to attack Healthy City.
In May, the army of Lu and Xu was under the healthy city, at this time, the righteous army had more than 100,000 soldiers, thousands of boats, and the building ship was as high as 12 zhang, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty court was in a panic.
After Liu Yu learned the news, he urgently led his troops from the north to return to health.
At the critical moment, Lu Xun was suspicious and did not dare to engage Liu Yu head-on, who had returned to his division in a hurry, so Liu Yu gained valuable preparation time and repelled Lu Xun's attack on health.
After Lu Xun's army was defeated, he attacked Jiangling Buke to the west.
In December, Lu Xun's rebel army fought fierce battles with the Eastern Jin Dynasty in Anhui and Jiujiang, but all failed, and Lu Xun was criticized to retreat to Guangzhou, but Guangzhou was occupied by the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
In March 411 AD, Lu Xun led his troops to attack Panyu Buke, and then turned to battle, the army was defeated and committed suicide, and Xu Daofu was also defeated and died in Shixing, and the uprising failed.
The uprising of Sun En and Lu Xun was the largest peasant uprising in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and even in the entire period of the Two Jin Dynasty and the Sixteen Kingdoms, with a time span of 12 years, almost ending the Eastern Jin Dynasty ahead of schedule.
Wuhu and Sixteen Kingdoms period
During the period of the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms, due to the fragmentation of the north, the struggle for hegemony, and the endless wars, a large number of Han people fled to the Eastern Jin Dynasty, resulting in the first time that the proportion of Han people in the northern region was lower than that of ethnic minorities, so it was difficult to have large-scale peasant uprisings. (The rebellion of the army of the minority should not be counted as a peasant uprising).
There is only one record of a peasant uprising in the annals:
The Southern Yan Dynasty began to revolt
In 399 AD, the Shandong Peninsula was occupied by Murong De, the Later Yan clan, and the Southern Yan Kingdom was established.
In 403 A.D., the king of Laiwu Valley in Shandong Province gathered thousands of people to revolt in Mount Tai, proclaimed himself the Taiping Emperor, called his father the Emperor Taishang, his elder brother was the general of Zhengdong, and his younger brother was the general of Zhengxi.
For a time, the nearby people responded one after another, and the team grew to tens of thousands.
Southern Yan Emperor Murong De quickly sent Murong Zhen to lead troops to Mount Tai to suppress it, Wang Shi's peasant rebel army was a rabble after all, not the opponent of Murong Xianbei's army at all, and soon Murong Zhen defeated and captured Wang Shi, and the uprising was declared a failure.