For the growth of peppers, the environmental conditions are nothing more than moisture, temperature, light, soil, air, etc., these conditions are excellent and coordinated development, peppers will grow robustly, strong resistance to stress, less occurrence of diseases and insects, and high yield. If a certain condition is lacking or poor, the growth of peppers will be greatly affected. Therefore, it is necessary to artificially optimize these environmental conditions so that peppers grow under good environmental conditions. Achieve the goal of high yield. The following is a description of the role of each specific condition, the general criteria and the measures to be applied.
Moisture content. Water is one of the important conditions for the growth of peppers, but peppers are more tolerant to plants than early-fruited plants in nightshade vegetables, especially small-fruited pepper varieties (Chaotian peppers) are more early-tolerant than large-fruited bell peppers. The water requirement of pepper varies in each growth period. Seeds need to absorb a certain amount of water for germination. The seed coat of pepper seeds is thick and absorbs water slowly, so the seeds should be soaked before germination to allow them to absorb enough water to promote germination. The plants are still small at the seedling stage and do not need much water. For example, when the winter temperature is low, if the soil moisture is too much, the root system is poorly developed, and the plants are long and weak. After transplanting, the plant growth is large, and the water demand increases, but it is still necessary to properly control the water to facilitate the extension and development of the underground root system and control the growth of aboveground branches and leaves.
At the beginning of flowering, the water requirement increases. Especially in the fruit expansion period, sufficient water is needed, if the water is insufficient, the fruit expands slowly, the fruit surface is wrinkled, curved, dull in color, and even reduces the yield and quality. Therefore, providing sufficient moisture during this period is an important measure to obtain high quality and high yields.
If the air humidity is too high or too small, it will have a great impact on the growth of seedlings and flowering and fruit set. If the air humidity is too high at the seedling stage, it is easy to cause diseases. Excessive humidity during the early flowering period can cause flower drop. If the air is too dry during the flowering period, it will also cause flower and fruit drops. Therefore, the production summed up the water management principles of spray water replenishment at the early stage of budding, light watering with small water at the seedling stage, watering wet water at the dry stage, watering the fruit without watering the flowers at the bud stage, watering with small water at the peak of the fruit, and timely drainage in rainy days.
Temperature. Pepper is a temperature-loving vegetable, temperature is the driving force of pepper growth, different growth and development periods, there are different requirements for temperature: the suitable temperature for seed germination is 25 30 degrees, under this temperature condition, it takes 4 5 days to produce all seedlings. When the temperature is 10 to 12 degrees, it is difficult to germinate. When raising seedlings, the temperature in the membrane can be appropriately increased before the emergence of seedlings, generally up to about 32 degrees, and it needs to be cooled slightly after germination to prevent the seedlings from growing too fast and growing. Keep it at 20 22 degrees during the day, not more than 25 degrees, and the night temperature should be 15 to 18 degrees, so that the seedlings can grow slowly and robustly.
The suitable temperature for stem and leaf growth and development is about 27 degrees during the day and about 20 degrees at night. Under this temperature condition, the stems and leaves grow robustly, neither slow growth due to too low temperature, nor too high temperature to make the branches and leaves grow too vigorously and affect flowering and fruiting. The appropriate temperature for flowering and pollination of plants at the early flowering stage is 20 27 degrees, and when it is lower than 15 degrees, the plant grows slowly, which is difficult to pollinate, and is easy to cause flower and fruit drop. Above 35 degrees, the flower is underdeveloped or the stigma is dry and cannot be fertilized and falls flowers, even if fertilized, the fruit can not develop normally and wither. Therefore, in high temperature days, especially when the temperature exceeds 35 degrees, peppers often do not set fruit, and should be shaded or sprayed with water to cool down. During fruit development and veraison, a temperature of 25-30 degrees is required. As a result, peppers grown in protected areas in winter often turn red slowly due to low temperatures. Temperature requirements also vary greatly from variety to variety, with large-fruited varieties tending to be less heat-tolerant than small-fruiting varieties.
The temperature range of peppers during the whole growth period is 12 to 35 degrees, below 12 degrees to cover the film to keep warm, more than 35 degrees to water to cool down.
Illumination. The light requirements of chili peppers vary depending on the growing period. Seeds germinate easily in dark conditions, while seedlings need good light conditions to grow.
The greenhouse seedling raising period of pepper is generally from November to April of the following year, and the light intensity during this period is weak, and often does not reach the light saturation point of pepper. When the light is low, the seedlings are elongated internodes, the water content increases, the leaves are thin and light, and the resistance is poor, and when the light is strong, the seedlings have short internodes, thick stems, thick and dark leaves, and strong resistance. After transplantation, the growth and development of stems and leaves were closely related to the sunshine intensity. From the perspective of the whole year, the sunshine is stronger in April and October. The light saturation point of pepper is lower than that of other fruits and vegetables, and it is more resistant to weak light. Too strong light not only cannot improve its assimilation rate, but also affects its growth and development due to strong light accompanied by high temperature.
Therefore, a slight decrease in the sunshine intensity during this period will promote the growth of stems and leaves, and the branches and leaves will be vigorous, the leaf area will become larger, the number of fruits will increase, and the fruit development will be better. In many areas, intercropping of peppers with corn or carob is often used, and high yields can be obtained by proper shading of peppers. If the light is reduced too much, it will reduce the assimilation effect, make the stem and leaf stunted, and affect the yield. If the pepper blooms and sets fruit on a rainy day, the light weakens, and the number of flowers decreases, and the fruit will also decrease.
In production, measures such as reasonable dense planting, controlling vigorous growth, removing empty branches, and beating old leaves are adopted to prevent canopy closure in the field and increase the light transmittance between plants. However, pepper is a medium-light plant, as long as the temperature and nutritional conditions are good, and the length of light time, it has little effect on flower bud differentiation and flowering, and it blooms early under shorter strong light conditions.
Soil & Nutrients.
Soil is the basis for the growth of peppers, which directly affects the growth of plants and the yield of plants. Peppers are not very strict on the soil, with a pH of 62~7.2. Peppers can be planted in both neutral and slightly acidic soils, and plots with deep layers, rich in organic matter, leeward and sunny, and can be irrigated and drained, and turned 35-40 cm deep. Because most of the roots of peppers are distributed in the topsoil layer of about 30 cm, the tillage is too shallow, the root system cannot be extended downward, and the fertilizer is easy to lose.
The growth of pepper requires sufficient nutrients, and there are high requirements for fertilizers of phosphorus and potassium. At different stages of growth and development, the type and amount of fertilizer required are also different. The plants at the seedling stage are young and require less fertilizer, but the quality of fertilizer should be good, and they need fully rotted farmhouse fertilizer and a certain proportion of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, especially phosphate fertilizer. Flower bud differentiation was carried out in pepper at the seedling stage, and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers had significant effects on seedling development and flower formation. Insufficient phosphorus not only stunted growth, but also stunted flower formation, produced a small number of flowers, and formed short columella flowers that could not bear fruit. Therefore, the supply of high-quality and comprehensive fertilizers at the seedling stage is the key to achieving high yields.
Early flowering. Branches and leaves begin to develop in an all-round way, and the amount of fertilizer is not too much, so some nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers can be applied appropriately to promote the development of the root system. At this stage, excessive nitrogen fertilizer application makes plants prone to overgrowth, delays flowering and fruit set, and the branches and leaves are weak, and they are susceptible to various diseases. The demand for nitrogen fertilizer gradually increases after the first flowering. The demand for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers is large during the flowering and fruit-setting period, and nitrogen fertilizers are used for the development of branches and leaves, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers promote the growth of plant roots, fruit expansion and increase the color of fruits. The pungent taste of pepper is affected by the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. When there is more nitrogen fertilizer and less phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, the pungent taste is reduced. When there is less nitrogen fertilizer and more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, it has a strong spicy taste. Therefore, in the process of production management, the proper control of the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers can not only increase the yield of pepper but also improve its quality.
Chili peppers are crops that ripen and are harvested multiple times. In the full fruit period, fertilizer is generally applied for each harvest of fruits, and it should be applied 1 2 days before harvesting. For plants cultivated in summer and autumn, more nitrogen fertilizer can promote the extraction of new branches and leaves. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers can make the stems thicker, enhance the disease resistance of plants, and promote fruit expansion.