Yong, the name of the ancient country, originated from the emperor. According to historical records, when King Wu of Zhou destroyed Shang, Yong was one of the "Eight Kingdoms of Pastoral Oath". During the Spring and Autumn Period, Yong was a country with high status and strength among the three kingdoms of Ba, Qin, and Chu, and its capital was located in Shangyong (southwest of present-day Zhushan County, Hubei Province). In 611 BC, Yong was destroyed by the union of Chu, Qin, and Ba.
At the peak of Yongguo's sphere of influence, it stretched to the Han River in the north, the Wujiang River in the west, the Yangtze River in the south, and Wudang in the east.
According to historical records, in 1059 BC, the Zhou Dynasty asked the Yong people to build the capital in Luoyang. In the ruins of the ancient Yongfang City in Huangcheng Village, Wenfeng Township, Zhushan County, there are still the city walls that have gone through more than 3,000 years of wind and rain standing, which shows the superb architectural art of the Yongren. At the same time, the Yongren are also considered to be the earliest tea-drinking people in historical materials, and their tea-drinking culture originated from Bashan Chushui. However, the military art of the mediocre is the most praised by the world, "only the mediocre are good at fighting, and Qin and Chu are invincible" ("Ancient War Examination").
During the Shang Dynasty, Yongguo became a Hou State, and its capital was set in Fangcheng Mountain, 41 miles southeast of Zhushan City. The ancient Yong country was once prosperous for a while, and the capital was built to be mediocre. "Chronicles of the Ground" contains: "Fangcheng Mountain is the capital city of Yong, the top of the mountain is flat, and the four sides are steep. There is a city in the south of the mountain, which is more than ten miles long, and is called Fangcheng. ”
Hubei Tongzhi records: "The protection of Fangcheng natural insurance". "Folklore Expo" also mentioned: "Philistine people like witchcraft, Duan Gong can be ** disease, and its effect is magical, which is a custom left over from ancient times." "In the context of the Shang Dynasty's advocating witch wind sacrifices, the witch culture in the blocked river area was carried forward.
From Shang Tang to the early Zhou Dynasty, the territory of Yongguo included the southern part of Jingzhou City and Jingmen City, as well as the area around present-day Zhongxiang. The capital of Chu was originally in Danyang (located in Baokang County, Xiangyang City, Hubei, and Xichuan, Henan). And today's Chu capital city Ying(now Jingzhou City, Beiji South City), originally belonged to the Yong State, and was later occupied by the Chu State.
The southern part of Yongguo included the northeastern part of present-day Chongqing, including Wanzhou, Kaixian, and all the counties north of Liangping. The western part of Yongguo was supposed to contain most of the present-day city of Ankang in Shaanxi Province. The northern part of Yongguo included present-day Yunxi County in Hubei, Ankang City in Shaanxi Province, Xunyang County in Shaanxi, and the eastern part of Shangluo.
Yongguo has a vast territory, and there are not many countries of the same level in the early Spring and Autumn Period that can be compared with it. The national strength of the Yongguo is strong, and the status and prestige are also very high, which is by no means a false appearance.
As a powerful country, Yongguo also has a very high title. "The Book of Rites: The Royal System" records: "The king's system is the lord of Lu, the prince and the prince, and the fifth class." And in the "Rites", there is a similar description: "If the same surname is a big country, it is called uncle, and if it has a different surname, it is called uncle." If you have the same surname, Xiaobang is called uncle, and if you have a different surname, Xiaobang is called uncle. "For the princes of different nationalities and regions, although they were very powerful in size and strength, their titles could only reach the maximum of viscount, which was very strict in the feudal system of the Zhou Dynasty. Therefore, vassal states such as Wu, Chu, and Ba, although they were very large, their titles could only reach the level of viscounts. The monarch of Yongguo has been a marquis for generations, which shows that the status of Yongguo is very high, and it can fully prove the strong strength of Yongguo.
After the death of King Wen of Zhou, his son Fa ascended the throne and was called King Wu. King Wu moved his capital to Hojing (located on the east bank of Fengshui). At this time, the king of Shang was attacking Dongyi with all his might, the national strength was seriously depleted, and the domestic contradictions gradually intensified. King Wu of Zhou, together with the Yong, Shu, Qiang, Ji, Wei, Lu, Peng, Pu and other tribes, as well as princes from all walks of life, personally led "300 chariots, 3,000 tigers, and 45,000 soldiers" to the east to crusade against the king of Shang.
Pastoral oath to the eight nations. Yong is located at the head of the Eight Kingdoms and is a large country in the western region. In ancient texts, Yong and Hu are regarded as two countries, and Yong has a longer history than Hu. The local administrative system of the Zhou Dynasty was the system of "dividing the land and sealing the marquis". Zhou Tianzi designated the area near the national capital as Wangji, which was ruled directly by the royal family. The vast area outside Wangji was divided among the vassals and established states. After the victory of the Battle of Muye, King Wu of Zhou divided the Shang Dynasty's Wangji into three areas: Shao (north of Chaoge), Hu (south of Chaoge), and Wei (Chaoge), which were guarded by Guan Shuxian, the younger brother of King Wu, Cai Shudu, and Huo Shu, who were stationed in Shao, respectively to rule and monitor Wu Geng, known as the "Three Prisons" in history.
After King Wu dismissed the army, he still returned to Hojing. It can be seen that the establishment of Yongguo was earlier than Hu, which can be traced back to the Shang Dynasty, and the existence of Hu is the division of Wangji in the Western Zhou Dynasty. There were three main types of "feudal marquis" in the Western Zhou Dynasty: one was a relative of the king of Zhou with the same surname (such as the surname Ji), the second was a meritorious person, and the third was a descendant of the ancient emperor, who was actually the head of some other powerful tribes and Fang states. In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, there were 71 countries, of which 53 were surnamed Ji. From the historical records of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it can be confirmed that Yong has always been a great power in the western region.
By the Spring and Autumn Period, Yong confronted Chu, deterring the rise of Chu in the east and preventing Qin's expansion in the west. The main enemy of the Yong State was the Chu State. Although the state of Chu rose after the state of Yong, it has shown the momentum of replacing the state of Yong to become the "chief of a hundred pus".
During the Shang Dynasty, the "Baipu" in the northwest of Hunan and the southwest of Hubei were all gathered under the command of the Yongguo, which was inseparable from the political and military strength and prestige of the Yongguo at that time. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Yong was dominant between Chu, Ba and Qin, and defeated several invasions of Chu, and even threatened to move the capital to Chu. In the final battle of Yongchu, if Chu did not unite Ba and Qin, it would be almost impossible to destroy Yongguo by relying on a single vassal state.
In 611 BC, the state of Chu suffered a severe famine, causing a large number of people to starve to death. King Chuzhuang kept a low profile during this period, concentrating on it for three years without taking any action. During this period, the neighboring countries of King Chu Zhuang took the opportunity to attack the state of Chu. Among them, the monarch of Yongguo took the lead in attacking, led the armies of the southern barbarian countries to assemble in the selected place, and launched a fierce attack on Chu, which caused the situation of Chu to be extremely difficult.
In 611 BC, King Chuzhuang quickly sent envoys to unite the states of Ba and Qin to attack Yong from behind. In the same year, the alliance of the Three Kingdoms attacked on a large scale, defeated Yongguo, and destroyed the Yongdu Fangcheng. The Yong Kingdom was embattled and was finally destroyed by the Three Kingdoms. King Chuzhuang achieved the grand goal of "blockbuster".
The history of the Yong Kingdom has gone through a long time, starting with the Xia Dynasty, or at the latest from the Shang Dynasty, and its founding process has been continuous and stable. If it is counted from the Xia Dynasty, then the history of Yongguo is more than 1,700 years; If you count from the Shang Dynasty, there are more than 1,100 years.
One of the unique features of Yongguo's funeral culture is rock burial, that is, "hanging coffin culture". The people of Guyong have a tradition of rock burial culture, where there is a rock house, the coffin is directly put into the rock house, and where there is no rock house, a cave is carved into the cliff. In the Zhuxi River Basin, there are still some caves on the cliffs on both banks, which the locals call "Old Man's Cave".
There is also a local legend that the ancients thought that people would die when they were old, but it was unfair for snakes to become young after molting their skin in their holes. So he asked God to change the "dead snake molt" into "the dead snake molt". Heaven granted their request. As a result, when people get old, they sleep in the cave and shed a layer of skin, and they become young again. However, this led to an overpopulation, and the ancients asked Heaven to restore the status quo ante. This folklore is closely related to the Zhuxi rock burial customs, and the Old Man's Cave is actually the burial place of the old man after his death.
The ancient Yong people originally adopted the method of rock burial, but then gradually evolved into artificial caves, and finally developed into earth burials. The rock burial culture has continued until the Ming and Qing dynasties, and even in modern times, such customs still exist. Therefore, the rock burial customs of the Guyong people can explain why the royal tombs have not been found in the Guyong Kingdom for thousands of years.
One of the major features of Yongguo's funeral culture is "playing gongs and drums at night", also known as "singing filial piety songs". The procession of playing gongs and drums at night is generally composed of two or three people, one person beats the drum, and the other person plays the gong, and walks slowly around the coffin, singing while walking, and the form is very beautiful. "The Legend of Darkness" was discovered in the Shennongjia forest area, and is now known as the first narrative epic of the Han nation, and the production of "The Legend of Darkness" is not an accidental event of a person at a certain time and place, but the result of the cultural inheritance of the people of Guyong for generations.
Guyongguo, as one of the birthplaces of Chinese witch culture, is located in Wushan in the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River, and was known as Lingshan in ancient times. According to the records of the "Classic of Mountains and Seas: The Great Wilderness of the West", there are ten witches in Lingshan, and it has now been confirmed that these people are all early mediocre people. After that, the most powerful of the Ten Witches, the Wuxian tribe, established the Wuxian Kingdom in the vicinity of Wuxi County. Among the ten witches, Wu Xian and Wu Peng were both ministers of the Shang King Taiwu. Wu Peng is proficient in medical skills, and Wu Xian is also proficient in astronomy and musical instruments in addition to medical skills. Wu Xian and Wu Peng's research achievements in the fields of medicine, astronomy, and ** have had a profound impact on Chinese civilization.
In the records of the Ming and Qing dynasties, there are many places where people believed in shamans. Today, many of these regions still retain a lot of witch culture, and the witchcraft used is basically the same. In addition, there is also the existence of Chinese herbal medicine culture in the witch culture. The folk herbal medicine in the border areas of Hubei, Chongqing and Shaanxi has its own unique local characteristics and has accumulated rich experience.
Yongren were not only good at singing and dancing, but also invented musical instruments such as drums, so the ancients called the big drum "Yonggu". Some of the works in "Jianghan" and "Yongfeng" in the "Book of Songs" are from Yongfeng. In the saying that "Jifu composed poems" that has been circulated in the world, Yin Jifu was the minister of King Wu of Zhou, and his place of origin was the vassal land of Yongguo. The songs and dances of Yongguo gradually developed into mountain songs and dramas. The main sources of the two bamboo high cavities, the grass gongs and drums and the noisy flower drum tunes can all be traced back to the songs and dances of the ancient Yongguo.
Yongguo is rich in hardware, is a big country of bell casting, has advanced bronze technology, and is also known as "Yongren". Many of the famous tripods and bells of the Shang Dynasty are the masterpieces of mediocrity. In addition, the mediocre people are good at building cities and houses, and are known as "Yongren".
In 611 BC, a severe famine occurred in the state of Chu, and Xirong invaded from the southwest, reached Fushan in the southeast, and joined forces with Dalin, and then attacked from the southeast, reaching Yangqiu in the southwest, with the intention of attacking the east and the west and invading the Zhijiang River. At this time, the mediocre people led a group of barbarians to betray the Chu State, and the Lu people led hundreds of Pu tribes to assemble in the election, preparing to jointly crusade against the Chu State. As a result, the northern gates of Shen and Xi were closed.
The Chu people planned to move the capital to Hangao, and the general Pu Jia suggested: "No, we can go, and Rongkou can also go." We might as well go on a crusade against the Yongguo, who think we are in a famine and cannot send troops against them. If we send troops, they will be frightened and return. Hundreds of Pu people will leave their places of residence and flee to their hometowns, how can they have the heart to consider the interests of others? "Five days after the Chu army sent troops, the hundreds of Pu tribes were disbanded.
After that, he gave food and ate the same food, and sent Lu Jili to lead his troops to attack Yongdi and reach the capital of Yongguo. However, the philistines drove him out of the city. His son, Lu Yangchuang, was captured, and after three nights of captivity, he escaped, and when he returned, he said: "There are many mediocrities, but they are only a gathering of barbarians, so it is better to send a large army and use the king's guards to attack together." Uncle Pan Yu said: "This plan is not feasible. You have to make them proud, and the pride of the other party will make us angry, and then we can overcome them. This is how the first king, Chu Li, and Wang Weimao conquered the city. ”
Later, the Chu army and the Yong army met again. In this encounter, the Chu army was defeated, and only the barnyard tribe, the Yu and the Yu clan pursued in the rear. Because the combat effectiveness of the Chu army was greatly reduced, the Yong army relaxed its vigilance. The Chu people used post horses to meet at Linpin and divide the troops into two teams. Zi Yuejiao led the front to attack from the Shixi Waterway, and Zibei led the rear to take the mountain trail and secretly invaded Yongguo. The armies of Qin and Ba also joined the Chu army, and the barbarians of all ethnic groups also submitted to the Chu people, and finally destroyed the Yong state.
Originally, the crisis of the imminent demise of the Chu State was skillfully resolved by the King of Chu Zhuang, who sent Jia Jia to lead the troops to attack the Yong State, and united the Qin State and the Ba State to capture the capital of the Yong State, Shangyong, forcing the Yong army to withdraw and quell the war. The result of this war was that the Yong State was divided among the Chu States, the Qin States, and the Ba States, and the Yong States perished. After the annexation of Yong, Chu set Shangyong as its new capital.
Liang Qichao said that King Chuzhuang ascended the throne for three years and united the armies of Qin and Pakistan to destroy Yongguo, which was a major event in the Spring and Autumn Period. After Ba and Yong were subordinated to Chu, Yong was destroyed, so Chu had no internal worries and was able to fight for hegemony in the Central Plains. As a strategic location, Shangyong changed hands several times between Qin and Chu.
In the spring of 312 BC, the Qin ** team and the Chu ** team fought fiercely in Danyang. The Chu ** team suffered a crushing defeat, losing a total of 80,000 soldiers. Qin's ** team captured Qu Kuo and more than 70 liehous, as well as Zhi Qi. The Qin ** team then captured Hanzhong County. When the state of Chu learned of its defeat, it devoted all its forces to retaliate against the state of Qin and launched a fierce battle at Lantian. However, the Chu ** team was defeated again. When Han Wei learned of Chu's plight, he attacked Chu south and arrived at Deng. When the state of Chu learned of this, it immediately withdrew its troops, ceded two cities and asked the state of Qin for peace. Among these two cities, Shangyong City is included.
In the eleventh year of King Zhou (304 BC), Qin returned the land of Shangyong to Chu through negotiations with Chu, and Chu then divided Shangyong County and Hanzhong County, Shangyong County governed Shangyong, and Hanzhong County governed Xicheng (now Ankang City, Shaanxi Province).
In 280 BC, Qin launched an attack on the state of Chu, conquered the region of central Qian, and exchanged the land of central Guizhou for the regions of Shangyong and northern Han. Qin used Shangyong as a strategic place to capture the capital of Chu by land and water.
In the twenty-eighth year of King Qin Zhao (279 BC), Bai Qi attacked Chu, went down the Han River, and directly took Yan (now Yicheng County, Hubei Province), Deng (now Xiangyang County, Hubei Province) and other hinterlands of Chu.
In the twenty-ninth year (278 BC), the Qin State Daliang Zaobai attacked the Chu State, captured Ying, and established Nanjun here, forcing the Chu State to move the capital to Chendi.
In the twenty-sixth year of Qin Shi Huang (221 BC), Qin divided the world into 36 counties, and set up Shangyong County in Yongdi, which belonged to Hanzhong County and belonged to the jurisdiction of Liangzhou. In this year, the Qin State also established Baofeng City in Yongdi.
In 616 BC, the state of Chu captured the state of Lu and established a county in Xixue.
In 611 BC, the state of Chu eliminated the state of Yong and established Shangyong County in Yongshui. Because Yongguo was located in the northern part of the Chu State, the ancients believed that the northern part represented dignity and superiority, so they named it Shangyong County. Historically, the earliest records of Shangyong counties can be traced back to the Qin Dynasty.
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