The Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty were two dynasties in Chinese history with a high concentration of imperial power. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang abolished the prime minister system, so that the emperor could directly command the administrative work of the six ministries, and the imperial power ** system reached its peak.
However, with the passage of time, the cabinet system gradually took shape, and after the middle of the Ming Dynasty, due to the emperor's neglect of government, the cabinet and the celebrant began to dilute part of the imperial power.
Therefore, the phenomenon of the dictatorship of scholars and eunuchs appeared in the Ming Dynasty.
The Qing monarchy was more centralized than all previous dynasties, and the emperor became the supreme ruler without constraints. The following is an analysis of the centralization of power in the Qing Dynasty: The Qing emperor really exercised the right to approve the questions handled by the cabinet, which reflected the emperor's intention to make the cabinet scholars his secretaries rather than prime ministers.
After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the emperors were more neglectful and their quality was low, which led to two situations: either they could not make a judgment on the choice of votes, or they handed over the right to approve the red to the eunuchs, resulting in the imperial power not being fully reflected.
The emperor of the Qing Dynasty reviewed the inscriptions of the cabinet votes, and there were both those who agreed and those who disagreed. From the actual records, we can often see the emperor's rejection of the cabinet vote proposed criminal case, ** optional opinions, from the handling of the folded version, we can also see the emperor's approval of the cabinet vote proposal.
Therefore, although the Ming and Qing dynasties did not have a prime minister and implemented the cabinet system, in fact, the Ming Dynasty was only reflected in the imperial power of the system for a long period of time, and it was not implemented.
In the Qing Dynasty, due to the emperor's diligence and administrative quality, he personally read the question book, made a choice of votes, and did not fake others to approve the red, and the scholar was only used as a secretary, and the eunuch had no way to intervene.
2. The role of the fold system The fold is an important official document for ** and local ** to report directly to the emperor and ask for instructions on government affairs. It is characterized by:1Direct communication: The manuscript was submitted directly to the Emperor, while the manuscript needed to go through the cabinet before it reached the Emperor.
In this way, the emperor was able to take the initiative to handle government affairs, rather than passively accepting the draft of the question. The emperor could decide whether to deal with it if he wished, or whether to stay in the middle and not make it public.
2.Strong secrecy: The emperor can decide whether to publish the recital, and scholars and other scholars cannot know about it. In contrast, the question book needs to go through the general administration department and the cabinet, which is easy to leak information, and ** take countermeasures in advance, making it more difficult for the emperor to deal with government affairs.
3.Single-line contact: The system of folding and folding makes a single-line secret connection between ** and the emperor, reduces the opportunity for ** to jointly deceive the superiors and subordinates, and facilitates the emperor's direct command and control of the senior **.
This system reflects the development of the imperial power system in the Qing Dynasty, enabling the emperor to take a more active role in handling important government affairs. To sum up, the implementation of the folding system is an important embodiment of the development of the imperial power system in the Qing Dynasty, so that the emperor can take the initiative to control the power of government affairs, and at the same time, he can better control the high-level.
The Military Aircraft Department was established, and the Minister of Military Aircraft was personally selected by the Emperor and concurrently held this position. The Minister of War and Aircraft can only handle or discuss affairs according to the Emperor's instructions, and the Emperor shall make the final decision.
The Minister of Military Aircraft, like the scholars, was the secretary of the emperor and had no independent powers. The main responsibilities of the Military Aircraft Department are: to assist in the handling of the folds, the Emperor will hand over the folds to the Military Aircraft Department, and the Minister of Military Aircraft will read and make suggestions for the Emperor's decision.
If it is necessary to issue a long edict, the emperor dictates the minister of military aircraft to draft it, and it is handled by means of a clear court mail. It should be the same as the one who sent the copy, and handed it over to the cabinet for copying, or ** the person who played it.
Those who send copies will be handed over to the cabinet to receive the book, and the Han ticket will be sent to the ministry and the court for copying. If the fold of Zhu is not approved, it will be copied with the original fold. The folds of the ministry are mostly collected by the person who handed over the fold to the ministry and the institute.
All those who are handed over by the military aircraft department to the cabinet for copying are called "cabinet copying". The approval of the local official post will be transferred to a special person by the Military Aircraft Department's Sealed Diplomatic Affairs Office, and those who will be delivered to Beijing by post will be handed over to the Military Department's Meritorious Service Office.
In general, the establishment of the Military Aircraft Department allowed the emperor to hold absolute power, and the Minister of Military Aircraft only carried out the emperor's orders and did not have independent decision-making power. The main duties of the Military Aircraft Department were to assist the Emperor in dealing with the memories, drafting edicts, and documents.
1.The Minister of War and Aircraft drafted and issued edicts for the emperor, which were divided into two types: "edicts" and "edicts". After receiving the Emperor's instructions, the Minister of War and Aircraft translated them into words and reviewed them, and finally issued them with the emperor's approval.
These edicts will be distributed to the various departments, or sealed by the Military Aircraft Division and sent to foreign officials. 2.When the emperor was away, he would also issue an edict through the Military Aircraft Department, which was called "court mail".
These edicts will be submitted to the ** in the capital at the Ministry of War's Good News Office. In addition, the Minister of War and Aircraft was responsible for processing the folded papers and assisting in the selection of the Emperor**. 3.The Military Aircraft Department was set up near the emperor's palace, which was convenient for the emperor to summon and use the military minister at any time, and enhanced the exercise of imperial power.
In addition, the military aircraft Zhangjing was on duty at night to deal with emergencies, especially military affairs.
The Qing Dynasty set up the Military Aircraft Department to deal with confidential government affairs, while the Cabinet remained responsible for general government affairs. The establishment of the Military Aircraft Department was related to the Qing Emperor's monopoly and the heavy government affairs that he needed to handle.
The Military Aircraft Department is known as a branch of the Cabinet that deals with confidential government affairs, and its responsibility is to divide the Cabinet's duties such as drafting and issuing orders. Although the Military Aircraft Division divided some of the Cabinet's responsibilities, this did not diminish the powers of the Cabinet Officers, but rather increased their powers.
The ministers of the Military Aircraft Department were part-time rather than full-time, and their appointment was decided by the emperor.
The appointment of senior ** in the Qing Dynasty adopted a centralized system, abolished the Ming Dynasty's Hui Push system, and changed to a list of qualified persons by the Ministry of Officials to provide the emperor's choice. For errand positions such as examiners, marking officers, and academic administrators, they are also selected and filled by the personnel of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and are regularly stationed in the border ethnic areas, and the Minister of Military Aircraft will also provide relevant information for the emperor to change.
The intermediate** system was introduced, and it was up to the emperor to decide whether to appoint or appoint others. On the whole, the Qing Dynasty adopted a centralized system in order to maintain the **** nature of imperial power.
Although the Qing Dynasty accepted and used their relatives as auxiliary political forces, they were strictly disciplined. Any relatives who formed a party, abused their power, or went against the imperial power, such as Suo Etu, Mingzhu, Nian Qianyao, and Long Keduo, would be severely punished and even executed.
Unlike the eunuchs and relatives in the past, there was no such phenomenon in the Qing Dynasty.