** of the Chinese dynasty name.
Historically, the creation of a country name is often seen as a sign of the beginning of a dynasty or a new regime, and the name will always accompany the dynasty or regime and will not change with the change of seat of the regime. Therefore,"Change of dynasty"The term is often used to refer to the collapse of the old regime and the birth of a new one. So, how did the old name of the country come about? In fact, they can be broadly divided into the following categories:
Alias. As in the tribal period, the world actually existed in some tribes or tribal confederations with different names, and when these tribes became co-owners of the world, they usually used the name of the tribe, so the name of the tribe became"countries"。
1.Xia Dynasty. Tang Dynasty scholar Zhang Shoujie said"Summer"It is Dayu seal"Charb"It was named after Yang Zhai. Summer"Yes"Summer House"with"Great Xia"Evolved tribal names. When Xia evolved from a tribe to a hereditary dynasty,"Summer"It became the name of the country. Summer"Later, it became the name of the country. In fact, about the name of the Xia Dynasty"Summer"There are many theories about the origin of the , but although there are many **, it is almost certain that,"Summer"Originally a tribal name, it evolved into a country name.
Shang Dynasty II. The ancestors of the Shang Dynasty were originally a tribe that originated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. During the period of the Five Emperors, the ancestors of the merchants Shun, Qi and Yu were called Shangyi because of the construction of water conservancy, so this tribe was called"quotient"。quotient"It was originally a Fang country of the Xia Dynasty, after the Xia Dynasty was destroyed and replaced in the Battle of Naruto"quotient"It is used as the name of the country. The Shang Dynasty moved the capital several times until Pangeng moved there"Yin"before settling down, so the Shang Dynasty was also called Yin Shang.
3.Zhou Dynasty. The Zhou people originally lived in the Jishui region and later experienced many migrations. The Zhou people, with Lao Dad as the leader of the tribe, had to migrate again due to the obstruction of the nomadic tribes such as Rong and Di in the northwest region, and after many hardships, they moved to the Zhou Yuan in the Qishan Mountains in the south of the Wei River Basin"weeks"As the name of this tribe. Later, the Zhou people gradually developed and multiplied, until King Wu of Zhou destroyed Zhou"weeks"for the name of the country.
Take the vassal states as the country name.
From the establishment of feudalism in the Zhou Dynasty to the official abolition of feudalism by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, many feudal states emerged around the world, each of which was usually named after its fief. Some of these fiefdoms eventually became powerful and managed to conquer the world. As mentioned above, the name of the state does not change because of the change of the ruling territory, so the name of the state is often inherited.
State of Qin. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, in 905 BC, King Xiao of Zhou made Qin Feizi, the leader of the Qin people, a prince, a prince who raised horses for the Zhou royal family"Qin"It became the name of the tribe, and the state of Qin was established from there, with the name of the country"Ying Qin"。During the reign of King You of Zhou, the Indians invaded Haojing, and Qin Xianggong moved east with King Ping and officially became a vassal state"Qin"It became the national name of the Qin State. After Qin Shi Huang unified the six countries, the country name is still used today"Qin"is the country name.
There are indeed many countries in the name of feudal states, such as hundreds of vassal states in the world during the Zhou Dynasty, most of which have the name of feudal states, but since most of them are only local vassal states, I will not list them all here.
Name of country by title or level (old).
This is also the main way, after the founding of the country, it is called the emperor, and many emperors use the seal or title name as the country name, and the countries that adopt this method mainly have.
The first generation of the Han Dynasty. At the end of Qin, the world was in turmoil. Xiang Yu entered the pass to destroy Qin, and sealed the princes of the Eighteen Roads in the world, among which Liu Bang was sealed in Hanzhong and became the king of Han. After that, the world was in turmoil again, and Chu and Han fought for hegemony. Liu Bang finally defeated Xiang Yu in the Battle of Qixia, ruled the world, and took Han as the national name.
In the second Wei State, Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty successively named Cao Cao"Wei Gong"、"King Wei"。After Cao Cao's death, Cao Pi was called the King of Wei, and then Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian of Han to abdicate and the country was called"Wei"。Because the monarch's surname is Cao, it is also called Cao Wei.
Three Kingdoms of Wu. In the second year of Jian'an of the Eastern Han Dynasty (191), Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty named Sun Ce as the Marquis of Wu. Later, Cao Pi named Sun Quan again"King Wu"。Therefore, after Sun Quan claimed that after the founding of the country, he took Wu as the country name. The state of Wu is also known as Eastern Wu because it is located to the east of the Three Kingdoms.
Four Jin. During the reign of Emperor Yuan of Wei, Sima Zhao was called"Jin Gong"After the fall of Shu, he was known as the King of Jin. After Sima Zhao's death, the title was inherited by Sima Yan, who later forced Emperor Wei Yuan to abdicate and established the Jin state.
In the fifth generation of the Sui Dynasty, Yang Jian, the father of Emperor Wen of Sui, Yang Jian, was the Duke of Sui in the Northern Zhou Dynasty. After Emperor Xuan of the Northern Zhou Dynasty ascended the throne, he became the head of state and secretary of state, and his power gradually increased. Emperor Jing of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Yang Jian, ascended the throne in the first year of the Northern Zhou Dynasty (581) and established the Sui Dynasty, Yang Jian believes"Sui"Yes"Go"I thought I was not familiar with it, so I changed the name of the country to"Sui"。
The sixth emperor of the Tang Dynasty. Tang Taizong Li Yuan's grandfather Li Hu was posthumously awarded the title of Duke of Tang for his meritorious service in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and Li Yuan was able to ascend to the knighthood. During the Sui Dynasty, Li Yuan was favored by Emperor Wen and Empress Wen, and later served as Qiaozhou, Longzhou, Qizhou Assassin, Taiyuan Taishou and other positions. At the end of the Sui Dynasty, Li Yuan took power in Taiyuan and became"Tang Wang", had to give way to Emperor Wen of Sui Yang Yu, the country name"Don"。
Countries by location.
1.Shu Han. Since Liu Bei's main area of activity was in Sichuan (also known as Shudi), it was adopted during the founding of the People's Republic of China"Shu"The name of the country. After Liu Bei's death, Liu Chan succeeded to the throne and changed the name of the country to"Han", because Shu Han was known as the Han clan and supported the Han Dynasty.
2.Western Xia. Tuoba Sigong was the leader of the Pingxia tribe of the Dangxiang clan in the last years of the Tang Dynasty. Later, due to the meritorious work of pacifying Huangchao, he occupied Xiazhou and developed and changed his surname"Lee"。Li Yuanhao was called emperor during his reign, because the power was concentrated in Xiazhou, so it was"Summer"is the country name. Because the territory he ruled was located in the western part of the Northern Song Dynasty, it was also called"Western Xia. "。
3. Golden State. The capital city of Jin is located in Shuiwaihu (now the area of the Ash River), and according to legend, the water belongs to Jin, which means in the Jurchen language"Kim", said to be an extra-water tiger. Therefore, the name of the country became"Kim"。
4.Distant. In 947, Liao Taizong led his army south to the Central Plains and captured Bianjing, and Yelu Deguang was proclaimed emperor, because it was located in the upper reaches of the Liao River, the country name was changed to Da Liao.
Political continuity.
This is too"Country name"The common way of referring to it, especially in the two Han Dynasty, two Jin Dynasty, and two Song dynasties, because it claims to be a continuation of the previous dynasty's regime, often uses the country name of the previous dynasty, which can be divided into two situations.
1.Direct continuation. Such a name is not difficult to understand, such as the Eastern Han Dynasty"Han"For the country name, the Eastern Jin Dynasty to"Jin"For the country name, the Southern Song Dynasty"Song"For the country name, Nanming to"Ming"is the country name. Especially for the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, for such a troubled era, there are also many monarchs who claim to be the continuation of the previous regime, such as the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms of the ancient Zhao State, Zhao State, Qianliang, Beiliang, Xiliang, Houliang, Nanliang, Qianyan, Houyan, Southern Yan, Northern Yan, Southern Yan, Northern Yan, Northern Yan and so on.
2.Continuity between generations. The situation is more complicated. For example, during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Li Cunqiao did not take the throne after he ascended the throne"King of Jin"As a country name, it continues to be used"Don"The title of the historical name"Post-Tang"。The country name became"Post-Tang"。Another example is the Manchurian Qing Dynasty, whose first country name was"Kim", because the Jurchens established the Jin state during the Northern Song Dynasty, which meant that the Jin state had to be re-established.
Countries named in this way often did not coincide with previous dynasties, so different names were added to distinguish them, such as before and after in time, and east, south, west, and north of the capital's location.
Other factors. 1.New Dynasty: Replace the old with the new. Wang Mang usurped the Han Dynasty and became the emperor, which originated in the late Western Han Dynasty"Five virtues"dominated"New Germany replaces old Germany"socio-political tendencies. In this context, Wang Mang sees himself as:"New Del"of"Emissary"，"With the new Han Dynasty, go to Liu Liwang"。Wang Mangyi"New"It is the country name and has"Revolution and innovation"specific meaning.
Second Song: Guanguang House. After the coronation of Emperor Gong of Song, Zhao Kuangyin was appointed as the envoy of Songzhou Jiedu, returned to the Shunyi Army, and began to develop and grow based on Songzhou. By 960, Zhao Kuangyin led the Chenqiao rebel army, captured the Ezhou regime, and called the emperor the founding of the country, known in history"Song"Country. "Song"Country is the place name at the beginning of the official system.
3.Yuan Dynasty: Classics handed down. There are various explanations for the origin of the Yuan Dynasty's country name. According to the "History of the Yuan", Kublai Khan took the "Book of Changes"."Dazai Ganyuan"The text is the country name"Meta"。"Great"Yes"Great"meaning,"Meta"Yes"First"The meaning is great, first. At the same time, it is also said to be associated with the traditions and totems of the Mongolian people. Others believe that it is related to Taoist prophecy"I am the Origin of the Heavenly Venerable"Relate.
The influence of the *** sect of the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang's initial army was the Red Turban Army of the White Lotus Sect Guo Zixing. The White Lotus Cult is also known as:"Illuminati", because it encourages people to oppose the dark rule of the Yuan Dynasty, believe"The darkness will soon pass and the light will soon come"。Han Shantong, the leader of the White Lotus Sect, was known as King Ming, and his son Han Lin was later called"King Xiao Ming"。Zhu Yuanzhang was not only a follower of the White Lotus Sect, but also appointed as the deputy marshal of the White Lotus Sect's vanguard. It can be seen from this that Zhu Yuanzhang's expulsion of the Tartars and the establishment of political power are all related to"Ming"The word is inseparable, so the country name"Ming"It's not hard to understand.
5. Qing Dynasty: There are many sayings. Huang Taiji is called the emperor, and the country name is by"Kim"Instead"Clear"There are several theories about the origin of the country name. Second,"Clear"For the northern tribes that worship shamanism, Manchuria also believes in shamanism, therefore"Clear"It's a number. Third,"The five virtues are endless", Ming is the fire virtue, the clear is the water virtue, from water to fire, hence the name. Fourth, the Mongolian language borrowed from the Manchu language"Great Qing Dynasty"The word Qing means"above the country"(ie.)"Dominating the Nation"or"A warlike nation""。.